




K ^ m^ 



/^C-yY^ 



GENERAL REPORT 



UPON 



THE EXPOSITION 



A T 



VIENNA. 



18^3. 



BY J. X. MEIGS. 



WASHINGTON : 

GIBSON BROTHEPuS, PRINTERS. 
1873. 



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KEFERENCES TO ILLUSTEATION No. 1. MAP OF THE 

EXHIBITION. 

Principal Buildings. 

it Rotunda and Industrial Pal- // Principal entrance to Grounds 

ace. A Principal entrance to Build- 
h Machine Hall. ing. 

c Art Exhibition. l AVest Entrance. 

d Exhibition of Art A. k East Entrance. 

e Animal Exhibition. I Government Offices. 

/' Carriage Stand. >/iAchnied's Well. 

Letters Designating the Exhibiting Countries in the Machine 
Hall, in the Industrial Palace, in the Agricultural Halls, 
AND in the Art Buildings. 



a 


United States. 


() 


Germany. 


h 


South America. 


P 


, Austria. 


c 


Brazil. 


'1 


Hungary. 


d 


England. . 


r 


Russia. 


e 


Portugal. 


s 


Greece. 


f 


Spain. 


t 


Romania. 


il 


France. 


H 


Persia and Central Asia 


h 


Switzerland. 


r 


Turkey. 


i 


Italy. 


fC 


Tunis. 


k 


Belgium. 


X 


Morocco. 


I 


Holland. 


!/ 


Egypt and Africa. 


111 


Denmark. 


Z ' 


Japan. 


n 


Sweden and Norway. 


A 


China. 



The following is from the Official Map of the World's Fair in 
Vienna, 1873, corrected and made a little fuller fi'oni maps in 
the British Catalogue, and from my own notes. 

The small letters to the left refer to marginal letters at the 
squares on the sides of the ground j^lan, and figures next them to 
those at the squares at the top and bottom of the map. The ar- 
rows and figures refer to the illustrations of my report, and show 
the spot and direction from which they were taken. The small 
letters in the list refer to corrections made to the drawings. 

Buildings in Front of the Industrial Palace. - 
Commencing to number at upper left-hand corner. 

Marain No. Build'srNo. Use and Name of Building. 

d & 1 American Restaurant, Mr. Kune. (misnamed.) 




SITE OF EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. 



fare in Nc 


). Bui d'g 


d 7 


2 


e 6 


a 


d 6 


6 


d 6 


c 


d 6 


f? 


d 6 


e 


f? 6 


f 


e 6 


9 


e 6 


h 


e 6 


i 


r? 7 


3 


f^ 7 


4 


f? 7 


5 


r? 7 


6 


d 8 


7 


r? 7 


8 


f/ 8 


9 


d 8 


10 


f? 8 


11 


e 8 


12 


e 7 


13 


e 7 


14 


e 7 


15 


e 7 


16 


e 7 


17 


e 7 


18 


e 7 


18a 


e 6 


19 


e 6 


20, 23 


e 6 


21, 22 


/--e 8 


24 


/-e 9 


25 


e 9 


26 


r? 9 


27 


d 9 


28 


f? 9 


29 


r? 9 


30 


d 9 


31 


r? 9 . 


32 


f?10 


33 


6 10 


34 


e 10 


35 


d\\ 


36 



No. Use .and Name of Build ine. 

American Kiosk, (a pavilion for ice-cream and 
drinks.) 

A little Sale Stand for Fans, &c. 

Railway Ticket-Brokers' Office. 

American Rural School Building. 

A Spanish Liquor Agency and Bar. 

Spanish Special Exhibition, in charge Don Perez. 

Urinal. 

Frenchman's Waffle-Bakiiig Enterprise. 

Wine Stand. 

French Wine and Fruit Stand. 

Office of the New Free Press Newspaper, con- 
taining a large printing and folding press in 
operation. 

Swiss Buffet, (Yon Rouhardt) 

Swedish Restaurant. 

Swedish Pavilion, (Finspong productions.) 

Exhibition of Swedish War Minister. 

Swedish School-house. 

Swedish Hunting Pavilion. 

Pavilion of Belgian Zinc Gom])Sinj. 

Monument of AVasserberger. 

Jury Building. 

American Soda- Water Hut. 

Swiss Musical Instrument House. 

Prince of Monaco's Exhibition. 

West Engine-house for Western Water- Works. 

Male and Female Water-Closets. 

Leisinger's Restaurant and Beer-Garden. 

Miinz Pavilion (or),i^Ioney-Brokerage House. 

Hungarian Shepherd's Cottage, Restaurant, and 
Wine and Beer-House. 

Pilsners Beer Co.'s Restaurant and Beer-House. 

Pilsners Private Brewery and Beer-House. 

Offices of the General Direction. 

Post, Telegraph, and Custom Offices. 

Emperor of Austria's Pavilion. 

Lisiani's Hydraulic Cement Pavilion. 

Southern Railway Kiosk. 

Martin Kien's Portable House. 

Chevalier Stark's Glassware Pavilion. 

Austrian Savings-Bank Pavilion. 

Exhibition of Children's Toys and Nursery Goods. 

Metal Industry Pavilion. 

Austrian Medicinal Springs. 

Trade in Specialties. 

Norwegian Garden-House. 



Margin >'o. Builfrg Xo. Use and Name of Bui ding. 

Post Pavilion. 

Pavilion of the Perlmooser Cement Co. 

Russian Restaurant. 

Water-Closet. 

Werner's Gas Apparatus Pavilion. 

French Restaurant, Goj^ard. 

Italian Club-House. 

Italian Restaurant. 

Italian Wine-House. 

Styrian Wine-House. 

American Wigwam, Beck & Domnat. 

AVaagner's Glass House. 

Strauss' Music Pavilion. 

Egyptian Buildings. 

Japanese Garden and Buildings. 

Restaurant of Arn stein, of Trieste 

Iron Furniture Pavilion, Outlier & Herzhog. 

Gardening and Horticultural Exhibition. 

Persian Villa. 

Turkish Buildings. 

Circle Oriental, by Dr. Hardt. 

Light-House Maritime Board of Austria. 

Austrian Lloyds Ship-Docks, &c. 

Russian Dwelling-House. 

Reiners Russian Pa"\T.lion. 

Wood Ware, Austellung 

Austrian Marine Pavilion. 

Between the Ceoss Gallekies of the Industrial Palace. 

Pavilion of the Commercial Society. 

Swiss Commission and Swiss Carvings. 

Belgian Cominission House. 

Model, Mont Cenis Tunnel, and Italian Yard. 

Dutch Wood Ware and Ecclesiastic Art. 

Telegraph House. 

German. Not built. 

German Commission House. 

German Emperor's Pavilion. 

Not built, but a ticket office for elevators stood 

within the court. 
Iron Garden Kiosk. 
. House for Hungarian Commission. 
Russian Minister of War's Exhibition. 
Turkish Treasure, Jewels, &c. 



e 10 


37 


e 10 


38 


e 10 


39 


e 10 


40 


e 9 


41 


e 10 


. 42 


c 9 


43 


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44 


./' 9 


45 


e 10 


46 


e 10 


47 


e 11 


48 


e 11 


49 


e 11 


50 


e 11 


51 


e 12 


52 


e 12 


53 


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54 


e 11 


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e 12 


56 


^11 


57 


dl2 


58 


dll 


59 


f?10 


60 


dlO 


61 


f?10 


62 


e 10 


63 


Between ' 


d 7 


1 


d 7 


2 


d 7 


3 


d 7 


M 


d 8 


4 


d 8 


5 


d 8 


6 


c 8 


7 


c 9 


8 


d 8 


9 


d 9 


10 


f?10 


12 


dl^ 


13 


d\Q 


14 



(5 
Between the Machine-Hall and Industrial Palace. 

M .rgin No. Build'g No. 1 se and 5rame of Building. 

Western Entree, No. 5. 

American Restaurant and English Bar, (attended 
by women.) 

Bakery of Roman Uhl. 

Dow and Clark's Soda Water Kiosk. 

Cook's Tourist Office. 

English Commission House. 

Western Agricultural Hall. 

Water-Closet. 

Restaurant. (Not built.) 

Norwegian Exhibition. Fishing and Boat Im- 
plements. 

Laplander's Hut. 

Swedish Exhibition of Fish, Nets, Boats, &c. 

German School Apparatus and School Exhibits. 
14:a-b German Mining, Metal, and other Industries. 

Krupp's Cast-Steel and Iron Manufactures. 

Maximilian Monument. 

Dreher's Beer-Tasting Hall. 

Pavilion of the Duke Saxe-Coburg Gotha. 

Prince Adolf v. Schwarzenberg. 

Collective Au«tellung of Monthner's Sons. 

Wagner's Sample Iron Work, Stable, &c. 

Chailly's Artificial- Stone House. 

Prayne Iron Manufacturing Co. 's Pavilion. 

Vordenberg-Koflacher Mining Co.'s Pavilion. 

Innerberger Shareholders Mining Co.'s Pavilion. 

Corinthian Mining Industry Societies' Pavilion. 

Shareholders' Brewery. 

Mr. Bosch's Pavilion, "Asphalt Production.' 

Mr. Stephen's Pavilion, '-Machine." 

Withowitz Railway Bridge. 

Baron Rothchild's Pavilion. 

Johan Liebig and Co.'s Pavilion. 

Paget's Pavilion of New Inventions. 

Hofrath-Klacko's Asphalt Sidewalk. 

Jno. Schuberth's Pavilion. 

Steiner's Tyrolese House. 

Pavilion of the Shareholders Company for the 
Construction of Bridges and Roads. 

K. K. States Railway Co.'s Building. 

Pavilion for the representation of the History of 
Inventions in Women's Work. 
c 10 42 A Mining Co.'s Pavilion. 



c 


6 


1 


c 


6 


2 


c 


6 


3 


c 


6 


4 


c 


6 


5 


c 


6 


.6 


c 


6 


7 


b 


7 


8 


b 


7 


9 


c 


6 


10 


G 


8 


11 


C 


7 


12 


c 


8 


13 


c 


8 


14.C 


c 


8 


14.( 


c 


8 


15 


c 


9 


16 


c 


9 


17 


(i 


9 


18 


c 


9 


19 


c 


9 


20 


c 


9 


22 


c 


10 


23 


c 


9 


24 


e 


10 


25 


c 


10 


26 


e 


10 


28 


c 


9 


29 


c 


10 


31 


c 


10 


32 


c 


10 


33 


c 


10 


34 


c 


10 


35 


c 


10 


36 


c 


10 


37 


c 


10 


38 


c 


10 


39 


c 


10 


40 


c 


10 


41 



arg 


in No. 


Huilc 


C 


10 


43 


C 


11 


44 


C 


10 


45 


C 


10 


46 


C 


11 


47 


C 


11 


48 


C 


12 


49 


C 


6 


50 



'g No. Use and JVan-.o of Building. 

Egyptian Restaurant. 

Danube Steamship Companies' Pavilion. 

Alsatian Collective Exhibition and Alsace-Loth- 

ringen Eestaurant. 
Austrian Agricultural Minister's Pavilion. 
International Wine and Lunch-Room — a long 

room, filled on each side of an aisle with lunch 

and wine counters of many nationalities. 
Eastern Agricultural Hall. 
AVater-Closet. 
Water-Stand. High iron column, with tank on 

its top. (See bird's-eye view.) 
c 6 51 Pcrter & Aveling's Steam Road Carriage Office. 
21 and 27 were never built. 

Behind the Machine Hall. 

Carl Heilfringer's Bakery. 

Machine-House for Western Water- Works. 

Water-Closets. 

American Boiler House. 

English Gas Factory. 

Steam Machinery Building. 

Brick Machinery. 

Windmill. 

English Workmen's House. 

English Boiler-House. 

French Boiler-House. 

Tommasi's Pavilion Machinery. 

Machine Workshops for Austria. 

Simmering Hammersmith Co.'s Exhibition. 

AVater- Closets. 

Belgian Boiler-House. 

Pavilion of the Trade of the World. 

Exhibition Railway House. 

German Boiler-House. 

Pavilion for German Iron and Brick Machinery. 

Austrian Boiler-House. 

Jacob Munk & Co.'s Machine Pavilion. 

North Railway Pavilion. 

Northwest Railway Pavilion. 

Machine-House Pumping-Engine. 

Pavilion for AVater- Works. 

Swiss Boiler-House. 

Water-Closets. 

Baron Doblhoff's Brick Works. 

The Freund Brothers' Pavilion, (Brick Makers.) 

Stainzer's Slate Works. 

Stalling, Zeim & Co.'s Roof Paper. 



b 6 


1 


h 6 


2 


b 6 


3 


b G 


4 


b 7 


7 


b 7 


9 


b 7 


11 


b 6 


12 


b 7 


13 


h 7 


14 


b 7 


15 


b 7 


16 


b 8 


19 


b 8 


20 


b 8 


21 


b 8 


22 


b 8 


23 


b 8 


24 


h 9 


25 


b 9 


26 


b 9 


27 


b 9 


28 


b 10 


29 


b 10 


30 


b 10 


31 


b 10 


32 


b 7 


33 


b 9 


34 


b 9 


35 


b 9 


36 


b 9 


37 


h 9 


38 



The Division beyond the Henstadl Water. 

>. Use and Name of Building. 

Place for Forest Productions. 

Krian Sacher's Kestaurant. 

Forest Industry Stock Companies' Exhibit. 

Prince Albreclit's Pavilion of Land and Forest 
Husbandry. 

Collective Exliibition of Styrian Forest Propri- 
etors. 

Russian Peasant House. 

Pump-House. 

Iron Church, by Hemming & Co. 

Pavilion of the K. K. Hungarian Forest De- 
partment. 

Swedish Dairy. 

Mr. Ganahl's Farm-House in Feldkirchen. 

Hungarian Farm-Houses — Hungarian Saxon, a. 

Geydeler, h. 

Roumanian, c ; Sczekler, d ; Grenzer, e. 

Croats, /'. 

Austrian School-House. 

Gymnasium. 

Baron Pittel's Stable. 

Pavilion for Glass Manufacture. 

Laborer's House of Beton. 

Alpine Hut of Upper Austria. 

Water-Closet. 

Chevalier Mlodechy's Farm-House. 

Walneker Alpine Hut. 

Dairy of the Agricultural Society of Vienna. 

Sanitary Exhibition. 

Vienna Photographic Association. 

Military House. 

Military Barracks. 

Note. — The " Principal Avenue " was a very wide one, with rows 
of trees on the side of the carriage-way. On both sides of the 
street there was a footway next the trees, and on one, a way for 
horsemen. 

In the afternoons immense' numbers of people promenaded up 
and down this avenue, looking at the " teams " on the road and 
listening to the splendid bands of the coffee-houses, I, II, and 
III, where supper is taken, always spending a long time over cups 
of beer and the newspapers. 



M irjrin No. 


Bail.rgN 


^'13 


1 


G 12 


2 


c 13 


3 


c 13 


4 


c 13 


5 


c 13 


6 


e 12 


7 


c 12 


8 


c 13 


9 


c 13 


10 


c 13 


11 


c 13 


12 


d 13 


13 


d 12 


14 


d 13 


15 


d 12 


16 


d 13 


17 


d 13 


18 


d 13 


19 


d 13 


20 


d 13 


21 


d 13 


22 


d 13 


22 


d 12 


23 


e 13 


24 


e 13 


25 



Washington, D. C, 

May 28, 1874. 
To the President of the United States: 

With tlie notification of my appointment to attend tlie 
Vienna Exposition of 1873 as a "practical artisan," I 
received from tlie Secretary of State instrnctions to report, 
A l)rief general snrvey of the Exposition ; Tlie character and 
condition of the American exhibition, and my doings and 
observations. 

This general snrvey is herewith snbmitted, and it will be 
followed, as soon as practicable, by a special report npon 
Snbdivisions of Gronp XYI, the "Art of War." 

Yon will probably be willing to overlook the imperfection 
of these attempts of mine when yon learn that the Austrian 
Commission, to whom the subject of my special report was 
assigned, complain bitterly of the difficulties under which 
even they labored in obtaining information. While the value, 
as thejy say, of a report upon military objects consists in 
accurate measurements and numbers, they found it impos- 
sible to attain this accuracy, because they found the objects 
of their search locked in cases, the exhibitors absent, and 
their agents imperfectly informed. Add to these impedi- 
ments my ignorance of German, and the impossibility, for 
want of funds, of obtaining the services of draughtsmen 
and interpreters, and you will be prepared to excuse my 
shortcomings in the premises. 

Respectfully, 

JOE Y. MEIGS. 



VIENNA EXHIBITION, 1873. 



Brief General Survey of the Exposition. 



This magnificent exliibition was held nnder the patronage 
of tlie Emperor of Austria, liaving for its aim to represent the 
])resent state of modern civilization, the entire sphere of na- 
tional economy, and to promote their further development and 
l^rogress ; and was, for its object, a great success. 

It was organized under the " protection " of Archduke 
diaries Lewis, the Presidency of an excellent and unassum- 
ing gentleman. Archduke Regnier, and the Yice-Presidency 
of a great number of the ablest persons in Austria and of 
Europe, these constituting an Imperial Commission, with 
Baron de Schwarz-Senborn as manager. 

Baron Schwarz acquitted himself most creditably in his 
difficult and arduous duties, beset as he was by a multitude 
of complainers, as well as by the real difficulties which arose. 
Many complaints were made of him by Americans; but as far 
as I could see, it seemed to me that the whole arose from a 
Avant of proper organization in the American division itself. 

The exhibition took place in grand and imposing build- 
ings erected upon the central part of one of the most 
glorious old parks in the wdiole world, ^' The Prater." It 
lies on tlie northeastern outskirts of the city of Vienna, on a 
part of an island formed by the encircling Danube canal and 
river. This ancient park is naturally a most beautiful piece 
of ground. In certain parts it is almost a plain surface, 
filled with groups of stately forest trees, througli wliich are 
roads, paths, and " aUees^'' or drives. 

A part of the city of Vienna lies on this island, and one of 
its great streets, the Prater-Strasse, leads to the Prater. The 
Praterstern is a sort of square at the head of this street, 
from Avhich several streets radiate ; two of them are the 
great avenues of the Prater, the Austellung Allee, or Exhi- 
bition avenue, and the "Haupt Allee," or principal avenue. 
Between them, and nearest the city, lie nestled among the 



12 

stately trees the famous places wliicli have, in part, given 
the Viennese their name for gaiety and life. 

Here are restaurants, beer gardens, beer-halls, theatres, 
small shows of all kinds, such as carousels, Punch-and-Judy 
shows, shooting-galleries, velocipede-rinks, swings, out-of- 
door athletes, street theatres, monstrosity sliows, and in fact, 
every conceivable amusement for father, mother, and chiUlren. 

[See Illustration No. 1, between squares C and E and 1 and 5.] 

These places are all thrown open on Sunday and on holi- 
days, and are filled with those for whom they are intended. 
The Yiennese father seldom goes to amuse himself without his 
wife, children, and friends, and their presence is the great 
reason why so little drunkenness is seen among then], not- 
withstanding everybody drinks. Beei* nnd wine, and even tlie 
stronger liquors are mucii used. It was really amusing to 
see how easily tlie Americans of all jji'ofessioiis fell into the 
Sunday habits of the Yiennese, how quickly the water of 
Yienna was condemned as unhealthy and unfit to drink, and 
beer praised and used instead. 

Beyond tliis village of innocent amusement places, a neat 
and somewiiat ornamental fence was constructed, enclosing 
about fifty acres of this old park, partly wooded. It was 
laid out in a very beautiful maniun*, reserving in its natural 
state all that could be, presenting the finest efiect. 

The gardening displayed in these grounds was singularly 
beautiful and successful. Nowhere in Europe was it ex- 
celled. That around our public buildings is paltry in com- 
parison. The beauty, taste, and perfec-t neatness of the 
grounds surrounding the Exhibition, in the public parks, or 
about the private places in the vicinity of Yiennn, would be 
ditficult indeed to surpass. The synnnetrical beds of flowers, 
placed here and there in the well-Avatered and closely-clipped 
blue-grass plats which lay between the walks and avenues, 
tlie tasty grass guards preventing pedesti'ians from over-step- 
ping the walks, the beautiful and often fragrant and delicate 
blooming flowers, mixed wnth colored border plants, clind)ing 
and trailing vines twining the posts of the architectural- 
covered Avalks that led from the main entrance of the grounds 
on the Haupt-Allee to points opposite the central transepts 
on either side of the grand entrance to the rotunda of the main 
building, all combined to please even the most fastidious. 

The clumps of fragrant flowers, well-placed evergreens, 
and the natural forest trees, statuary, fountains, and pools, 



1 o 





^\Hs Bye View oj Vienna i]x}\\biM)\ Buildings, by li- E. ^etrovif e)\^ 



END PAVILLION 



9 2^ 'T'" t- 



--Pi^ff rrn - 




Westlicrier Flioel 

WEST WINC 






aWTJOalU 



—NO J— 

:jn.\r<i iKMJiNr, 111 7/;-.. -^^c 

WORLDS EXHIBITION IN VIENNA l8}i 

LONOITUDINAC VlC-W OF INOUSTRtAL PALACE 





IVo. 4. 



The MAIN ENTRANCE and ROTUNDA, from either side of which leads, both 
right and left, the main gallery of the Industrial Palace. 

The beautiful grounds and general elegance must be noticeable. 

The supporting girders of the roof of the Rotunda and their strengthening lings, as 
well as the abutting rings, are clearly shown. (See also the engraving. Illustration No. 2.) 



^>'-^'^ 




Ji-r 



With the greatest domes of the world, both in'height and widtE " """P"™" 



17 

9 

lent the place an air o\' tVesliness and beauty that was most 
pleasing to the cultivated eye, and delightful to all. (See il- 
lustration Xo. "2.) 

The buildings were not of tlie cheap order so common for 
such temporary purposes. They were substantial, elegant, 
and highly ornamental, wearing an air of permanency so real 
that one could scarcely believe that they were all, with the 
exception of the rotunda, to be removed. (See illustration 
No. 3.) 

The Maia' Blij.diag. 

Tiiis was a long gallery or parallelogram, '27 yards and 1 
foot wide, and 989 yards and 2 feet long, intersected on both 
sides by 16 transverse galleries, which were 15 yards wide 
and 84 yards and 2 feet long; the two end transepts, how- 
ever, and two at the middle, on each side of the rotunda, 
were a little loni>'ej-, or 92 yards 1 foot and 7 inches lon<j; and 
15 yards wide. These were connected at their extremities by 
o-alleries runnini>; parallel to the main buildino-, relievini>: the 
appearance of the structure and making room for many offices 
and conveniences. (See illustration Ko. 1.) 

The ll()TL.x])A. 

The Rotunda divided the main building in halves, and was 
surrounded by the square formed by the two transepts next 
it and their connecting ends. 

It is the greatest architectural achievement of modern times. 
More than twice as large in span as the greatest dome ever 
before constructed, it is without truss, girder, central sup- 
porting columns, or tie-rods. It is constructed entirely of 
plates of such iron as boilers and tanks are made of, and 
such knees or angle-irons as are used to connect them, and 
riveted together in the same way. 

These plates are from three-eighths inch to one-half inch 
thick. 

An immense hollow^ box, or ring, 117 yards 2 feet and 9^ 
inches in diameter, resists the outward thrust of girders abut- 
ting it; thus, by the simplest possible means, an immense 
space is roofed without truss, rod, girder, or column. 

This ring rested upon stuccoed columns. They were 80 
feet high, and about 10 by six feet sqnare ; thirty-one in 
number. (See illustration No. 5.) 

Eight of these were arranged in pairs, so as to make room 
in and between them for elevators and stairways leading to 
a balcony at the cornice of the inside, and to the roof and 



18 

lanterns outside. Thirty rafters, 131 feet long, 5 feet deep 
at tlie lower end and 2^ feet at the other, made of sheet-iron 
half-inch tliick, with a flange at top of about a foot in width, 
al)ntted on the inside of the ring, and, instead of running to 
an apex, were connected by a similar ring at their upper ends. 
They stood at snch an angle as to rise 78 feet. The upper 
ring had an opening 95 feet 8^ inches, and was the base of a 
large lantern or tower, on the top of which was a similar 
roof, in turn supporting an upper lantern, whicli was sur- 
mounted by a huge Austrian crown, 17 feet and 4:^ inches 
high. (See illustration 'No. 3.) 

These rafters being designed sufficiently strong to support 
themselves and their proportional part of the weight of the 
superincumbent lanterns, if the structure were to fall, the 
thrust of the girders being outward, they must burst the 
liuge ring first mentioned or crush the upper one. But, as if 
to secure it doubly, at four equidistant points these rafters 
were strengthened by other rings, but, like the rafters, of a 
single thickness of metal. This frame-w^brk was sheathed 
on the under side with sheet-iron, and this was the whole 
structure. It can be shown how this form of structure 
might be applied to square buildings ; and thus a room of 
any size can be easily covered without post, abutting walls, 
or tie-rods. It was the work of the " Englisli architect," Mr. 
Scott Russell. (See illustration No. 6.) 

The main galleries were, at the w^alls, aljout 1-1 feet high, 
and w^ere surmounted by arched truss roofing. Tliey were 
built of brick and wood, all of which was stuccoed in the 
inimitable Viennese style — on the outside in imitation of block 
stone wall, relieved by ornamented sunken panels ; on the 
inside the walls of all the galleries were for about two-thirds 
of their height blank, for the purpose of giving show-room. 
These walls, on the outside, were surmounted by pilasters, 
arranged in pairs, about twenty-two feet apart. They sup- 
ported a cornice, upon which rested the roof. Between the 
pilasters, reaching from tlie top of the blank wall to the 
Under side of the cornice, next the roof, were the windows 
which lit the interior. (See illustration No. 3.) 

The transepts were the same exteriorly, and at their ends 
were elegantly stuccoed in a composite order, with four Corin- 
thian columns supporting a cornice, and arranged in pairs on 
either side of an immense glass door, which had in it a smaller 
door, which was constantly used. Between these columns 




ivo. e. 

Illustration showing details of construction of girders and abutting rings of Rotunda. 




IV o. 7. 

This beautiful view is taken from the southwestern corner of the Art Building, and 
shows the Main Entrance portal, the northeastern transept and its end pavilion, and 
Achmed's Well, together with the pools lying between the Industrial Palaces and the 
Art Buildings. (See Illustration No. i, squares d-ii.) 




IVo. S. 

This view is of a part of an Italian transept, anJ shows something of the mode of 
the construction of the building, how lit, the roof, the mode of giving depth to the 
pilasters to support the roof without obstructing the light, as well as some of the beauti- 
ful exhibits from that country. 



25 

were iiiclies, in wliicli were placed allegorical figures, and in 
the pediments, which were curved in conformity to the roof, 
were o:racefnl fio-^n-es in the same material — the Y-iennese 
stncco. 

This stucco has a soft brown color, and withstands the 
action of the weather, and is cheap in its first cost. It will 
be specially reported npon by a member of the Artisan Com- 
mittee. 

The connections between the end transepts and those next 
the rotunda were of a very elegant design, being a colonnade 
of Corinthian columns, supporting arches reaching from one 
to the other, surmounted by a rich cornice with highly orna- 
mented frieze. The spaces between the arches w^ere filled 
with figures representing the arts, &c., and were of no mean 
order, either in design or execution. They were not of one 
pattern, but w^ere of difiPerent design, and were yet symmet- 
rical. (See illustration No. T.) 

The main entrances were of a similar general design, and 
all were most beautiful specimens of stucco w^ork, showing- 
how elegant and elaborate efifects, bold and delicate, rich in 
detail, and very permanent, can be produced quickly and 
cheaply. 

If these entrances had been made of stone, they would have 
(tost as much as the whole structure. This ornamental stucco 
is as well adapted for inside as for outside use. The inside 
of the galleries were all finished alike, in tlie same material ; 
the Avails to be covered by exhibits were left plain. The 
floor was a plain wooden one,^-inch cracks being left between 
the planks, thus preventing the accumulation of dust. (See 
illustration No. 8.)' 

From the side walls stood deep pilasters, surmounted by a 
cornice and supporting Corinthian columns, made of wood 
brought to form by stucco. These columns supported a bold 
cornice with a highly ornamented frieze. The columns were 
tied by braces and tie-rods to the pilasters between the win- 
dows, and thus depth of pilaster and column was given sufli- 
cient to support the arched truss of the roof, relieving the 
inside of the galleries by their graceful and novel appear- 
ance, free from the heaviness and monotony which the deep 
pilasters would have made ,had they run up to the roof, be- 
sides permitting the passage of light. The thirty-one im- 
mense columns, which supported the roof of the rotunda, 
Avere relieved by panelled pilasters, which were elegantly 
ornamented by elaborate designs in relief in stucco, the whole 
building presenting the most magnificent appearance. 



26 

With but one or two exceptions, all of the space left be- 
tween the transepts was covered over and used, thus more 
than donbling the room. This is not shown in the general 
plan 'No. 3, but is shown in the plan of illustration No. 1 . 
(See illustrations ]N^os. 9 and 10.) 

The buildings for the exhibition of art, the Emperor's 
building, (see Illustration 9, Emperor's Pavilion,) and the 
Jury building were built of the same material and stuccoed, 
and presented a fine architectural effect. Besides these, 
there were numerous other buildings of a more temporary 
appearance and nature, but well designed and appointed for 
the purpose. Of this same nature of construction, private 
persons erected pavilions for their own exhibits. 

Buildings were also erected by contributing Governments to 
show some specialty of their people, such as peasants' huts 
from Russia, Sweden, Hungary ; Alpine, <tec., huts, illustrat- 
ive of soldiers' frontier life; school-houses, fishery structures, 
stables, farm-houses, mosques, Egyptian, Persian, and Japan- 
ese buildings and gardens. 

There were, in all, one hundred and thirty -nine (139) out- 
buildings, all of wdiich were filled wdth goods of some kind. 
If the whole of the exhibits Jiad been placed on both sides of 
an aisle, so as to liave given five and one-half feet on each 
side of it, it w^ould have extended thirty-nine miles, an un- 
broken show of progress, industry, refinement, elegance, thrift, 
virtue, and love, the history of which w^ill be an enduring 
monument to the wonderful management of the officers of 
the Exhibition, and especially to the director, Baron Scliwarz. 
(See illustrations I^os. 11 and 12.) 

The Programme 

was followed out fully. 

It consisted of a division of the exhibits into twenty-six 
groups, a preamble of tlie object of the Exhibition and the 
object of special parts of it, the formation of the juries, and 
tlieir awards. 

To make this general view as concise as possible, I will 
pursue it by its organization. There were seven prizes 
awarded : 

1. A medal for jFine Arts. 

2. A medal to exhibitors in other V^xhihi t\ou ^, yor p/'0(/res^ 
made. 

3. A medal for exhibitors for tlie first time, for National^ 
Econoinical.^ or Technical Merit. 

1. A Medal for ^^Productions fulfilling all the conditions 
of refined taste in color or form." 








;;7,^v. 



IVo. O. 

This most beautiful building is a sample of the best kind of stucco work; it was 
built of wood and brick; the columns and cornice of the portico are made of wood, and 
brought to form by stucco; the ornamentation is made in the same wav and of the 
same material; the roof slate. 

It contained a reception-room or two, and some private rooms, as well as kitchen, 
dining-room, &c, fSee Illustration No. i, squares e-S, building No. 26.) 




]Vo. 1C>. 

No. I. d n and 12, building d. 

This building was constructed in the same manner and of the same material as ti.e 
Emperor's Pavilion, 



i 




iVo. 11. 

See Illustration No. i, f-ii, building 51. Direction of view shown by arrow, "View 
No. 12." 

The queer cane fence, and general disposition of the pools, stone and clay figures, and 
other ornaments, gave this place a most interesting appearance. The taste displayed in 
these garden buildings was well worth study and report; but the Artisan and Scientific 
Committee, being without funds, could not undertake such specialties. The necessary 
drawings and illustrations to accompany such a report would have cost more than the 
combined Commission could have spared from their pittance. 




:xo. 12. 

See plan, illustration No. i, c-ij, buildings No. 50 and 51, Japanese Garden and 
edifices, showing something of these structures and the beauty of the grounds, and a 
sample or two of such trees as filled the Prater. 



35 



5. A Diplopia of Merits an honorable mention. 

6. Assistant and Worhinan^s Medal for tliose who liad 
heen notably connected with a rewarded object. 

7. Diploiaas of Honor to the individnaLs or corporations 
who had promoted Education^ Development of tndustry, 
JSTatlonal .Economy^ or Tntellectaal or Material Welfare c>f 
the AYorking Classes. 

It will be noticed that these medals and diplomas have no 
greater valne one than the other; that they are rewards of 
specialties of tilings and persons ; that two objects conld re- 
ceive the same prize, not for eqnal bnt for special valne and 
merit, thongh one might be the snperior of the other. 

This featni'e was diplomatic and politic, but the awards made 
under it are not at all an index of the value of the article. 

It was politic, inasmnch as everybody conld get a prize, 
and Austria was not throwm in competition, thongh she need 
not have feared it. A number of exhibitors in competition 
with articles of different value, some much inferior to others, 
could, and did, receive prizes of equal value, and in some 
cases of the same name. Thus every exhibitor, with an ar- 
ticle of reasonable merit, was sure to get a prize if he could 
get the attention of the jury. 

The jury was composed of members from all parts of the 
world, creditable enough, but, acting under the programme, 
their awards were merely complimeiftary ; so that any gen- 
tleman of avei'ao;e intelliscence w\)uld make a o:ood luror. 

The General Direction for the Exhibition classified it into 
groups, sections, and jury divisions, as follows : 

Classification and Divisions. 
Group 1. — Mining^ Quarrying, and Metallurgy. 



^^ Mineral fuels, (coals, shales, and 
mineral oils ; ) 

b Mineral ores and metals ; 

c Other minerals, (as salt, sulphur, 
graphite, etc.,) not including 
building materials : vide Group 
18; 

d Natural alloys : 

e Drawings and models of, objects re- 
lating to mining, metallurgy, and 
mineral industry : mining, engi- 
neering, surveying, and map- 
making : 



/ Geological works and geological 

maps, etc. : 
g Tools and inventions for mining 

and metallurgy, for underground 

and surface work ; 
// Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Mining. 

Section 2. Iron works. 

Section ;>. Other kinds of metallurgy. 



36 



Group 2. — Agriculture, Horticulture, and Foredry. 



a Plants for food and physic, (ex- 
cluding fresh fruits and vegeta- 
bles which are to be the subject 
of temporary exhibitions;) 

b Tobacco and other narcotic plants : 

c Vegetable fibre, (as cotton, flax, 
hemp, jute, china-grass, etc.,) 
and other plants of commerce in 
their raw state : 

d Cocoons of silk worms ; 

c Animal products in a raw state, 
(skins, hides, feathers, bristles, 
etc.-) 

/ Wool ; 

g Products of forestry, (timber, wood 
for cabinet-work, tanning sub- 
stances, resin in a raw state, 
dyeing woods, barks, charcoal 
tinder ; ) 

h Peat and its products : 

i Manures ; 

k Drawings and models of objects 
used in agriculture, horticulture 
and forestry ; farm maps ; 



I Works of the experimental sta- 
tions. Woodland and forest 
doom-books. Statics of forests, 
etc. ; 

ih Processes and inventions for pro- 
ducing, transporting, and storing 
the above-mentioned products ; 

n Plans of gardens, drawings and 
models of horticultural imple- 
ments, hot-houses, conservato- 
ries, irrigation, etc. : 

() New rnethods of horticultural culti- 
vation ; 

p Statistics of production. 

(Vide Temporary Exhibitions No. +.) 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Agriculture. 

Section 2. Animal products. 

Section 3. Forestry . 

Section 4. Cultivation of the vine, 

fruit, vegetables, and horticul- 
ture. 



Group 3. — Chemical Industry. 



a Chemical products for technical 
and pharmaceutical purposes, 
(acids, salts, chemical prepara- 
tions of all sorts ; ) 

h Eaw substances and products of 
pharmacy, mineral waters, etc. ; 

c Fats and their products, (stearine, 
oil acids, glycerine, soaps, can- 
dles and tapers, etc. ;) 

d Products of dry distillation, (as re- 
fined petroleum, slate oil, para- 
fine, phenylic acid, benzoine, ani- 
lin, etc ; ) 

e Etherial oils and perfumeries ; 

/ Matches, etc : 

g Dye stuffs, mineral and organic : 

h Resins, (washed, dyed or bleached, ) 
sealing-wax, varnish, albumin, 
isinglass, glue, starches, dextrin, 
etc; 



i Contrivances and processes used in 

chemical production ; 
k Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Chemical products for 
technical purposes. 

Section 2. Pharmaceutical prepara- 
tions ; etherial oils ; perfumeries, 
drugs and other raw products for 
pharmacy and chemical industry. 

Section 8. Fat industry. 

Section 4. Products of dry distilla- 
tion. 

Section ."). Explosive materials ; dye 
stuffs ; varnishes and other pro- 
ducts of chemical industry. 



Group 4. — Substances of Food as Products of Industry. 



a Flour and other farinaceous pro- 
ducts, malt and its products ; 

b Sugar and its products ; 

c Spirits and spirituous liquors, etc. ; 

d Wines ; 

e Ale, beer, porter, etc. : 

/ Vinegars ; 

g Preserves and extracts, (extracts of 
nieit. portable soup, condensed 



milk, Erbswurst, preserved vege- 
tables, preserved meat, etc.; ) 

h Tobacco and similar manufactures : 

i Confectionery, ginger-bread, cho- 
colate, coffee-substitutes, etc. ; 

/• Processes and inventions for pre- 
paring all these articles : 

I Statistics of production. 



37 



Gkoup 4. — Continued. 



Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Flour and other farinace- 
ous products. 

Section 2. Sugar, confectionery, and 
chocolate. 

Section 8. Wine and its substitutes : 



beer and other fermented liquors 

and vinegar. 
Section 4. Preserves, extracts, and 

meats. 
Section .">. Tobacco manufactures. 



Group ."). — Textile Industry aiid Clothing. 



a Washed wool and hair used for 
textile fabrics, carded wool and 
worsted, combed wool and 
woollen fabrics, felt, carpets, 
blankets, hair tissues, mixed fab- 
rics, including shawls : 

h Cotton, cotton substitutes, cotton 
thread, cotton fabrics and cords : 

(' Flax, hemp, jute, and other fibres : 
yarns, threads, and fabrics of the 
same ; straw fabrics for bonnets, 
screens, and mats, webs and cords 
of reed, cane, bast, hair, wire, 
etc. : 

d Raw silk : spun silk and manufac- 
tures of silk, silk wastes ; 

e Small-ware manufactures, gold and 
silver cloths and embroideries ; 

/ Lace ; 

g Hosiery, milled and unmilled : 

h Finished ob j ects of clothing, (clothes, 
gowns, hats, bonnets, shoes and 
boots, gloves and linen, etc :) 

i Upholstery, carpeting, curtains, 
bed-furniture, etc. ; 



Ix Artificial flowers and feather orna- 
ments ; 

I Processes and inventions used in 
the production of these luanu- 
f actures : 

m Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juriex. 

Section 1 . Woollen fabrics. 

Section 2. Cotton fabrics. 

Section H. Linen fabrics. 

Section 4. Silk fabrics. 

Section .">. Fringe work : gold and 
silver webs ; lace and loose-woven 
fabrics : embroideries ; ornamen- 
tal feathers, and artificial flowers 
made of various kinds of stuffs — 
paper, leather, &c. 

Section G. Linen ; articles of clothing, 
fur, hats and bonnets, gloves. 

Section 7. Shoe and bootmakers' ar- 
ticles. 

Section S. Upholstery. 



Geoup G. — Leather and India, Rubber Industry 



Leather; articles of leather, har- 
ness, saddles, trunks, and other 
leather goods, excluding clothing 
and fancy goods ; parchment and 
gold-beater skin ; 

Skins and furs : 

India rubber and gutta-percha arti- 
cles ; excluding philosophical and 
mechanical instruments and parts 
of machinery : waterproof stuffs 
and cloths ; 

Group 7. — Metal Industry 



d Processes and inventions used in 
the production of these manu- 
factures : 

e Statistics of production. 



Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Leather and rough skins. 
Section 2. Leather wares. 
Section 3. India-rubber and gutta 
percha wares. 



a Goldsmiths' and silversmiths' work 
and jewelry, etc.; 

}) Iron and steel wares, excluding ma- 
chinery, building materials, phil- 
osophical and musical instrii- 
ments ; 

c Manufactures from other metals and 
alloys ; 

d Weapons of every description ex- 
cept military arms ; 

e Processes and inventions used in 



the production of these manufac- 
tures ; 
/ Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Gold and silver wares and 

jewelry. 
Section 2. Iron and steel w^ares. 
Section 3. Arms, with the exception 

of war armature. 
Section \. Other kinds of metal wares. 



'38 



Group 8. — Wood Industry. 



a Cabinet work, (inlaid floors, win- 
dows, doors, etc.:) 

b Joiners' work ; 

r Cleft wood- work, (casks, shingles, 
sieves, etc. ;) 

d Small staves and their products, 
matches, etc : 

e Veneers and marqueteries : 

/* Cut and turned wood ; 

g Chisel work and carved work ; 

h Cork manufactures ; 

i Basket work ; 

k Wood-work, painted, stained 
silt : 



/ Processes and inventions used in 
the production of these manufac- 
tures ; 

on Statistics of manufactures. 



Group i>. 



Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Carpenters' and cabinet 
work : veneers ; cut, turned, 
chisel, and carved work. 

Section 2. Productions of cleft wood- 
work ; cork manufactures, and 
basket wicker-work. 

Section 3. Colored, painted, stained, 
and gilded wood- work. 

Stone, Earthetiirare. and Glass Industry. 



and 



a Stones, natural and artificial ; slate 
and cement works, (natural and 
imitated stones and marbles, pav- 
ing stones and floor tiles, orna- 
ments and decorations, pipes, 
grinding-stones, etc. ; ) 

h Earthenware, (pipes, cooking ves- 
sels, stoves, plastic reproductions, 
terra-cottas, etc.;) 

6' Glass manufactures, (glass for 
household use and fancy pur- 



poses, imitation gems and pearls 
unset, etc.;) 

d Processes and manufactures used 
in the production of the above ar- 
ticles, etc.; 

e Statistics of production. 

iSecfions for the Juries. 

Section 1. Stone and cement wares. 
Section 2. Earthenware. 
Section H. Glass-wares. 



Group 10 — Small Ware and Fancy Goods. 



a Manufactures of ivorj-, meer- 
schaum, tortoiseshell, mother-of- 
pearl, whalebone, wax wares, ja- 
panned goods : 

1) Fancy goods of leather, bronze, 
etc. : 

c Umbrellas, parasols, fans, canes, 
whips, etc.: 

d Combs and brushes : 

e Toys : 

/' Processes and inventions used in 
the production of these manu- 
factures : 

(troup 11. — Faper In 

a Paper pulp, paper and pasteboard : 

b Colored papers, paper-hangings, 
tapestry, playing cards, etc. : 

c Papier-mache goods, card, mill- 
board : 

d Articles for writing, drawing, and 
painting ; 

e Bookbinding and similar work : 

/ Processes and manufactures used 
in the production of the above 
manufactures ; 

g Statistics of production. 



g Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Manufactures of meer- 
schaum, tortoiseshell, horn, 
bone, ivory, mother-of-pearl, 
whalebone, etc. 

Section '1. Toys and wax works. 

Section 8. Small-ware and fancy 
goods of leather and bronze, lac- 
quered work. 

Section 4. Canes, whips, umbrellas, 
and parasols. 

dn.\try and Stationery. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Paper-wares, pasteboard, 
and paper. 

Section 2. Colored paper, paper-hang- 
ings, playing cards, cartoon pa- 
per. 

Section .->. Writing and drawing pa- 
per, and painters' requisites. 

Section 4. Bookbinders', portfolio, 
and papier-mache goods. 



39 



Group 12 — Graphic ArU and Industrial Drawing. 

Sections for the Juries. 



a Book printing : 

b Xylography ; 

c Copper-plate and steel printing : 

d Lithography and chromolitho- 

graphy ; 
e Photography ; 

f Engraving and guilloche work : 
g Pattern drawing and drawing for 

decoration ; 
// Tools and apparatus : 
/ Statistics of production. 



Section 1. Book, copper, steel-plate, 
and music printing ; lithography, 
chromography. 

Section 2. Engraving and guilloche 
work, xylography. 

Section 3. Photography. 

Section 4. Pattern drawing and paint- 
ings for decoration. 



Group 13. — Machinery and Means of Transport. 



a Prime movers, (steam-generators, 
steam-engines, water-wheels, tur- 
bines, pressure-engines, air, wind, 
and electro-magnetic engines, gas 
machines : ) 

h Machines for transmitting power, 
(shafts, wheels, pulleys, cords, 
bands, etc. :) 

c Machinery for working special kinds 
of material, (machines for mining, 
metallurgy, metal-work, and 
wood-work ; machines for spin- 
ning, weaving, knitting, sewing, 
and embroidering : machines for 
fulling, cleaning, shearing, dye- 
ing : machines for bleaching, lea- 
ther-dressing, etc. : machines for 
paper manufactures and book- 
binding, for type-founding, print- 
ing, lithography, copper-plate 
printing, color-printing, etc. : 
machines and apparatus for su- 
gar-making, oil manufacture, 
breweries, distilleries, stearine, 
soap, candles, starch, ice-making, 
match-making; corn mills and ag- 
ricultural machinery and appa- 
ratus : ) 

d Other machinery not belonging to 
the above mentioned, (blast-en- 
gines, fire-engines, pumps, ven- 
tilators, etc, ;) 



e Elements and parts of machinery ; 

/ Railway machinery, (locomotives, 
tenders, railway velocipedes and 
parts of them, railway-carriages 
and parts composing them, spe- 
cial machinery and apparatus for 
railway-workshops and railway- 
contrivances ; for making and 
maintaining railway-plant, snow- 
ploughs, etc. :) 

g Steam-guages, dynamometers, tra- 
diometers, etc. : 

h All sorts of vehicles not connected 
with rail ; 

i Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Prime movers, machines 
for transmitting power ; parts of 
machinery. 

Section 2. Machines for working spe- 
cial kinds of material, (with the 
exception of agricultural ma- 
chines, w^hich are classified in 
Group II.) 

Section 3, Means of transport and 
other plant for railways. 

Section 4. Street locomotives, and 
other kinds of transport. 



Group 14. — Philosophical. Surgical Instruments. 



a Mathematical, astronomical, physi- 
cal, and chemical instruments, 
(instruments for measuring, 
weighing, and dividing ; for op- 
tical and electric telegraphy : ) 

/; Surgical instruments and appara- 
tus, (artificial limbs, teeth, etc. ;) 

c Horological instruments, clocks, 
watches, and their parts, (chron- 
oscopes, chronographs, electric 
clocks : ) 



d Statistics of production. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Mathematical, astronomi- 
cal, and physical instruments : 
chemical apparatus. 

Section 2. Clocks and watches. 

Section 3. Surgical instruments. 



40 



GrRoup la.— Musical Instruments. 



a Musical instruments ; 

b Parts of them, (strings, bows, 
moulding-boards, membranes, 
keys, pipes, etc. ;) 

c Sound-carrying apparatus, (speak- 
ing-pipes, signal- whistles, etc. :) 

d Bells, chime of bells : 

e Statistics of production. 

(Vide Additional Exhibition No. H.) 



Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Keyed instruments, (as pi- 
anos, organs, harmoniums.) 

Section 2. Stringed instruments, (as 
harps, guitars, zithers.) 

Sectiofe 3. Wind instruments, musi- 
cal boxes, ka. 



Geoup IC. — The Art of War 



a Organization and recruiting of 
armies ; 

1) Equipment of troops, accoutre- 
ments and armor ; 

(• Artillery; 

d Military engineering ; 

e Sanitary contrivances ; 

/ Military education, training, and in- 
struction ; 

g Cartography and historiography. 



SerMons for the Juries. 

Section 1. Equipment of troops. 

Section 2. General armament, artil- 
lery, and military engineering. 

Section 3. Sanitary arrangements. 

Section 4. Military education and in- 
struction, cartography and histo- 
riography. 



Group 17. — The Navy. 



a Materials for naval architecture : 

h Models and drawings of boats and 
ships for inland lake and river 
navigation ; sea-going ships, 
coasting vessels, merchant ships, 
and ships of war, stores and fit- 
tings for equipment, outfit, and 
armament of ships ; 

c Tools and apparatus used in ship- 
building ; 

d Clothing, outfit, and accommoda- 
tions for crews ; 

e Land and water-works for naviga- 

Geoup 18. — Civil Engineering, 

a Building materials ; processes and 
apparatus for quarrying ; brick- 
making ; iron-girder work ; prep- 
aration and preservation of wood : 
artificial stone ; terra-cotta work, 
etc.; 

}) Materials and appliances for foun- 
dations, (pile-drivers, screw- 
piles, coifer-dams, caissons, pneu- 
matic and driving apparatus ; ) 

c Contrivances and tools for earth- 
works, (excavators, dredging ma- 
chines, apparatus for raising, car- 
rying, and transporting earth and 
materials ; ) 

(7 Materials and apparatus used for 
roads and railways, (road rollers : 
railway superstructure, switches, 
crossings, turn-tables, traversing- 



tion, (models and drawings of 
docks, harbors, sluices, floating 
docks, floating batteries, and 
coast defences ; ) 
/ Hydrography, charts, meteorologi- 
cal instruments ; education of 
seamen and officers. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Naval architecture and 

equipment. 
Section 2. Structures for navigation : 

hydrography. 

Public Works, and, Architecture. 

tables, inclined planes, lifts ; pneu- 
matic and other modes of propel- 
ling ; water stations and their ap- 
paratus; railway-station buildings 
of all kinds and systems of rail- 
way-signals ;) 

e Hydraulic engineering works, ex- 
cluding sea-works, (river works, 
canal works, dikes, locks, dams, 
etc.;) 

f Models and plans of viaducts, 
bridges, and aqueducts, etc. ; 

g Plans, models, and drawings of pub- 
lic buildings, dwelling-houses, 
barracks, penitentiaries, prisons, 
and hospitals, schools, and thea- 
tres, laborers' cottages ; appara- 
tus for lifting and moving heavy 
Aveights in buildings, as lifts. 



41 

Group IS. — Continued. 

etc.; plans and models of cheap /*■ Industrial buildings; spinning 

dwelling-houses ; tools and im- mills, weaving mills, grinding 

plements of artisan builders ; mills ; distilleries, breweries, su- 

// Apparatus and inventions for gar manufactories; warehouses, 

health, comfort, and convenience saw-mills, and docks, etc. 

in buildings, (for lighting water Sections for the Juries, 

supply, drainage, water-closets, -^ 

lightning conductors, etc.;) Section 1. Above ground building. 

/ Agricultural engineering ; plans for Section 2. Hydraulic architecture, 

culture, fencing, draining, farm- Section 8, Making of roads and con- 
buildings, buildings for cattle- struction railways, 
breeding, stores, stables, manure- 
tanks, etc.; 

Group V^. — The Private Dwelling -house ^ its Inner Arrangement and 

Decoration. 

a Models, drawings, and finished Sections for the Juries. 

buildings i;epresenting dwelling- ^^^ '^ dwelling-house. 

houses of civilized nations ; ^ ^ 

h Drawings, models, and examples of 

thoroughly-furnished apart- 

ments. 

Group 20. — The FarmJwuse, its Arrang-enients, Furniture, and Utensils. 

a Finished buildings, models and ted out with their furniture and 

drawings of farm-houses of the aparatus. 

different nations of the world ; Sections for the Juries 

h Drawings, models, and examples of '^ 

peasant rooms, furnished and fit- The farm-house. 

Group 21. — National Domestic Industry. 
a Pottery and porcelain ; d Carved work and utensils. 

h Fabrics tapestry embroidery, lace Sections for the Juries. 

and other needle -work ; *^ 

e Metal articles and ornaments ; National domestic industry. 

Group 22. — Exliibition Showing the Organization Influence of Museums oj 
Fine Art Applied to Industry. 

a The various methods and means by mote the art industry and public 

which the different modern Mu- instruction of their countries ; 

seums, (viz., the South Reusing- h Exhibition of the objects which 

ton Museum in London, and the have been produced and propa- 

similar museums in Vienna, Ber- gated by these modern museums. 

lin, Moscow, etc.,) endeavor to Sections for the Juries. 

carry out the improvement of the 

general taste of the people and Kepresentation of the influence of 
the manner in which they pro- museums on art industry. 

Group 2^.— Art Applied to Religion. 

a Decoration of churches, (wall dec- sticks, altar hangings, and car- 

oration, stained glass, glass paint- pets, pulpit-hangings, etc. : 

ing, etc.;) d Objects used in baptism and funer- 

h Church furniture, (altars, organs, als, etc. 

pulpits, pews, shrines for enclos- ^ ^^^ ^^^. ^j^^ j,^^^^^ 

ing sacred vessels, etc.;) ' 

(■ Ornaments for altars, pulpits, cruci- Ecclesiastical art. 

fixes, challices, liburiums, candle- Note 1. — The objects exhibited in 



42 



Gboup 23. — Continued. 



groups 15), 20, 21, 22, and 23 will 
be judged by special juries formed 
of members of the juries of those 



groups to which the objects, con- 
sidered from an industrial point 
of view, belong. 



Gboup 2\.— Objects of Fine Arts of the Fast, ExJdbited by Amateurs and 
Owners of Collections, {Exposition des Amateurs.) 



a Paintings of ancient masters ; 

b Objects d'art. Bronzes, enamels, 

miniatures, majolicas, porcelain, 

Faience, etc., etc. 



Sectio7)sfor the Juries. 
Not subject to the cognizance of a 



Geoup 25. — Fine Arts of the Present Time, works produced since the second 

London Exhibition of 1862. 

a Architecture, including models, de- 
signs, sketches and surveys of 
architectural works of the pres- 
ent times ; 

b Sculpture, including figures and 
groups of small sizes ; engrav- 
ing, medals, etc.; 

c Paintings, including miniatures, 
and enamels ; 



d Graphic arts, including copper and 
steel engravings, etching, wood- 
cuts, etc, 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Architecture. 

Section 2 Sculpture. 

Section 3. Painting. 

Section A. Drawing. 



Group 26. — Education. Teaching, and Instruction. 



a, Education. Exhibition of all the 
arrangements and contrivances 
for the better nursing, training, 
and rearing of children ; their 
physical and mental development 
from the earliest days of their 
life up to school-time ; their nour- 
ishment, cradles, nurseries, etc.: 
child gardens, (kinder-garten,) 
child games and amusements, 
child gymnastics : 
b Teaching. Exhibition of school- 
houses and school apparatus in 
models, drawings, and examples : 
exhibition of means of instruc- 
tion ; the works and journals of 
instruction ; description and illus- 
trations of methods of instruc- 
tion ; history and statistics of a 
school, its organization and laws ; 
(1) Elementary schools. This 
department will include ap- 
paratus for the instruction of 
the blind, deaf, dumb, and 
idiots. 



(2) Middle schools. Compre- 
hending gymnasiums ' 'Real- 
schulen," or schools wherein 
exact science and modern 
languages are taught ; 

(3) Professional and technical 

colleges ; 
(+) Universities ; 
c Instruction in the more limited 
sense ; instruction of adults 
through literature, the public 
press, public libraries, and edu- 
cational societies and associations 
for instruction. 

Sections for the Juries. 

Section 1. Plans, organization, 
means of instruction, and per- 
formances of national schools. 

Section 2. Middle-class schools. 

Section 3. Technical colleges and uni- 
versities. 

Section 4. Auxiliary means for the 
improvement of adults. 



All machinery is contained in Group 13 ; nevertheless, the machines for 
working special kinds of material will be examined by the Jury of the profes- 
sional group to which they may belong, with the assistance also of competent 
machine builders. It is left to the free will of the exhibitor to choose the 
group in which he wishes his object to be placed, should it be susceptible of 
being placed in more than one group. 



43 



Additional ExkihitionH. 

1. The history of inventions. 

2, The histo.ry of industi-y. 

8. Exhibition of musical instru- 
ments of Cremona. 

4. Exhibition of the use of waste 
materials and their products. 

."). The history of prices, 

(j. The representation of the com- 
merce and trade of the world. 



Temporary Exhibitions. 

1. Live animals, (horses, cattle, 
sheep, pigs, dogs, fowls, game, fish, 
etc, ) 

2, Butcher's meat, venison, pou^ 
try, lard, etc. 

8. Dairy produce. 

4. Garden produce, (fresh fruits, 
fresh vegetables, flowers, plants, etc) 

."). Living plants, injurious to agri- 
culture and forestry. 



Explanatory Note of the following Table of Contributors and 

Contributions. 



The following table, nearly if not quite complete, has l)een 
prepared to demonstrate to the eye tlie comprehensiveness of 
this great Exposition, well entitled to tlie name, Weltaitstel- 
'hcng^ tliongli called l)y some a ''failure." But of such a 
failure, Austria, the Protector, the President, and General 
Director, .need feel no shame. It will abundantly repay the 
interest on the money expended on it. It was the grandest 
display of industry of modern times. 






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46 

It was excessively difficult to form an idea of tlie extent or 
of the advance of any one of the classified occupations of 
mankind b}^ the exhibitions here. They were arranged by 
country, and no common order was followed by all of the coun- 
tries, so that often it was impossible to find a specimen at all, 
especially if it was small or not attractive in appearance. The 
wide severance of similar articles as thus arranged witli in- 
tervening objects, oftentimes more attractive, rendered it ex- 
tremely difficult, or nearly impossible, for the reporter to 
perform his task successfully. 

The special building of the Spanish Commissionei", Sehor 
Pascual, to s.ho\v the collective Industries of Spain, was w 
most attractive place, both because well arranged by Seiioi* 
Perez, of the Madrid Military Museum, and because it gave 
an insight into the whole of the iTulustries of Spain, in a con- 
cise and well-ordered form. 

The metallurgical display in all parts of the Exhibition was 
very fine indeed, and impressed the mind with the vast extent 
of the interest represented, and demonstrated that about the 
same state of perfection had been attained in this depart- 
ment of production throughout the world. Almost every 
great country except our own had a fine display of metals, 
wrought into objects to sliow their capacity, or twisted to 
show their power to resist torsion, or otherwise treated to 
show their various (puilities. Our own exhibits were usualh' 
of ores and pig, and placed so as to attract but little atten- 
tion. They were, nevertheless, creditable enough when viewed 
by a scientist, and came from wide-spread and varied parts of 
the country. 

The riiininy and '}iietallargical exhibitiojis of Grermany, 
Austria, Spain, Italy, Hungary, and Turkey were very exten- 
sive, as were also those of France. 

The agricultural exhibitions of the same countries were 
the greatest and finest, but it did not always follow that those 
countries whicli had the greatest number of entries had the 
best display. 

The exhibition by Egypt oi food-producing plants, grains, 
lentils, agricultural and horticultural products, was, perhaps, 
the very finest of tlie kind ever shown. There was a large 
number of entries of different kinds of grains and lentils, and 
these had each of them all of their varieties. For instance, 
there were forty kinds of beans, of all the different grades, 
shapes, and values as food for man and beast. 




JVo. 13. 

This is a view of the interior of an Austrian Agricultural Hall. It will be noticed 
that Bacchus rules. 



49 

Tlie exhibitions of GeriiiJiiiy and of AiLstriji were especially 
tine and systematic; but here again the wide division of 
classes j^revented a close comparison by a general observer, 
and made it very ditiicult for the specialist. The show of 
grains, wood, fil)re, and plants was extensive and im])ortant, 
and every observer must have been struck by the French, 
German, and Austrian shows of sugar made from the beet. 

In the German department there were vegetables equal in 
size and beauty to our California mammoth ones. The most 
noticeable feature of the vegetables, such as beets, carrots, 
turnips, and potatoes, was their smooth, plump, and regular 
exterior, with scarcely a depression, elevation, or single irreg- 
ularity. Grain of the finest appeara4ice,from all parts of the 
world, was shown in al)un dance. 

In spirits, spirituous liquors, wines, ales, beers, vinegai*, 
preserves, and extracts, a full show was made by nearly every 
country exhibiting. (See illustration No. 13.) 

But especially did the countries contiguous to Austria make 
a fine exhibition. But queer enough, though the tobacco man- 
ufactures were as line, if not l)etter, than our own, the candies 
and confectionery, with the single exception of chocolates, 
were much inferior, even in Austria, where sweets are very 
much used. Especially in Yienna these ]U'eparations were 
poor indeed. 

The crackers, ship-biscuit, and other store breads could be 
covered by a few sam[)les of very inferior quality, the Eng- 
lish being the only meritorious exhibition of the kind. 
They are not made in Vienna^ except in very limited quan- 
tities, though in that city large quantities of very sweet 
cakes are made and sold. The soda cracker, milk and water 
biscuit, so commonly used throughout the United States, are 
entirely unknown. The apparatus used in, Yienna for the 
preparation of good bread was certainly successful so far as 
small white rolls were concerned, the greater part of the bread 
used in Yienna being of that description. 

Several countries exhibited very perfect apparatus for the 
manufacture of chocolate, which is much used as a l)everage 
and as a confection. 

Of textile fabrics^ woollens of every conceivable kind Avere 
shown from wide-spread parts of the world, but they did not 
strike my eye as superior to our own limited exhibition. In fact, 
in textile fabrics, aside from the peculiarities of each individ- 
ual nation, the superiority of the fabrics of one over the other 



50 

was of no real moment. Usnally, iine specimens, the best 
that conld be made, were shown of all kinds of textile goods, 
from China, Japan, Tnrkey, in a word, from the whole world. 
Bnt the character of the dresses worn by the peasantry from 
the whole of Tnrkey and Ronmania, Anstria, and Hungary, 
(see illnstration 'No. 14,) as shown on models of life-size, 
was coarse enongh indeed, bnt perhaps no coarser than all 
home-made stnffs worn by people of the same grade every- 
where, not even excepting onr own people and those of Eng- 
land. E^otwithstanding the extensive nse and general excel- 
lence of ready-made clothes in onr country, yet as few 
wretchedly-dressed people are to be seen in Anstria, Ger- 
many, and France as with us ; especially is this true of France. 
Bnt it does not follow that that country which shows the 
cheapest and best goods will be best off among its people ; 
becanse, for example, in England, perhaps I had better say 
the cities of England, and especially London, ragged and 
dirty people can be seen everywhere, notwithstanding hers 
are the best and cheapest goods that are to be seen in the 
shops of the world. 

In carpets and rugs, France, Holland, and England excel. 
Those from Holland were especially fine, and attracted mnch 
attention ; bnt they were no better than our own of the same 
kinds. 

I did not see a display of cotton goods, but in ilax most 
noticeable specimens from several conntries were to be seen. 

In SILKS, France took the lead. The most elegant and 
glorious shades of them were to be seen from many mannfac- 
tories. Every kind of article of the textile indnstries and of 
clothing were to be seen, the exhibition of boots and shoes from 
Anstria being very extensive and elegant. Brazil had the 
finest show of feather ornaments and feather goods, excepting 
down-qnilts, such as were shown by Anstrian house-furnishers. 

In leather articles, the English, Brazilian, and Austrian 
specimens were tlie finest. But in fnrs Germany showed supe- 
riority. India-rubber and gutta-percha goods, of the most ex- 
tensive and varied kinds, were shown by several countries, 
thongh the absence of our eles^ant rubber boots and shoes 
was noticeable. An especial pride filled the American ob- 
server's breast when looking at the German hard and vulcan- 
ized rubber samples, as Goodyear's name and that of our 
country seemed to be branded typically on every useful and 
necessary article, indispensable in the arts and trades and 
pursuits of man. 




JVo. 14. 

Interior view of the Transept, filled with the Turkish exhibition. The wares being as 
handsome and well made as those from any other country, adapted, of course, to the 
prevailing fashion in that country. The figures of the Peasantry, dressed in their pe- 
culiar costumes, were most interesting. 



53 



Everywliere, throughout this vast building, could be seen 
ornaments made of gold, iron, and bronze. Especially at- 
tractive were those of gold and those of iron, from all parts 
of the world ; but of brouze products the French had the 
richest and largest display ; magnificent clocks, beautiful 
figures, splendid vases, chaste and elegant; stair balusters, 
all ornamented and gilded to the highest degree. Gilt seems 
to be the height of the Frenchman's idea of elegance, and he 
has it everywhere and on everything where it would be at all 
appropriate. 

In weapons, for sporting purposes, the English, perliaps, 
showed the best-made arms, though it wonld be very difficult 
to decide between theirs and those shown by French or Ger- 
man makers ; yet there was nothing that is not common in 
the best gnn-shops everywhere. 

Small ironware articles were shown ; ])ut it was evident 
tliat nowhere in Europe do they make as nice cast-iron small 
ware as we do in America. Their stoves, especially those of 
Austria, Germany, and England, and even of France, were 
very heavy and clumsy as compared with our beautiful manu- 
factures of that kind, thongh we had but a sample or two ex- 
hibited. But their porcelain and clay lieaters were very beau- 
tiful, and might perhaps be advantageously imitated in tliis 
country. The German, Norwegian, and Austrian exhibition 
of enamelled sheet-ii^on pressed goods and enamelled cast-iron 
cooking wares, white and in colors, were most interesting and 
beautiful, and were suggestive that the application of colored 
enamels to very many iron articles of daily use would render 
them more beautiful and cleanly, and would enable us to 
make of cast-iron many articles that are now made of more 
perishable material. 

In small tools, made of iron, we had some specimens not 
equalled by any other country. In spades, shovels, and axes 
we much excel all competitors, not excepting the English, 
both in finish, beauty, and excellence. Cut tacks, brads, 
and nails are not made on the continent to any extent, and 
all of this class of goods is a specialty with us. Iron planes, 
vices, twist-drills, lathe-chucks, and lathe-dogs were a very 
few of our American notions not exhibited in kind by any 
other country. 

Austria stood first in cabinet ivorl-. Her inlaid fioors 
and bent wood furniture Avere something wonderful, as well 
as coo2)ers' icorh^ including immense casks, beautifully con- 



54 

striicted kegs and barrels. But our own bucket machinery had 
no competitor that came under my observation. 

The carved wood-work of Italy, Switzerland, Japan, and 
China occupied the highest rank ; but that of Italy was pre-emi- 
nent. But in designs for such work, the English stood first. 
The wood-work industries Avere well represented from all 
parts of the world. 

In glass ivare^ Austria, England, Italy, Germany, and 
Erance all had fine displays. The Italian chandeliers were 
truly wonderful and beautiful. 

The English stood first in style, design, and finish of en- 
caustic tiles for floor and wall ; their colors were richer and 
more elegant than even the Spanish. 

The imitation stones of the French w^ere, if possible, more 
beautiful than the genuine, if we except, perhaps, the diamond. 
Erance excelled in terra-cotta statuary, though the Austrian 
and German specimens of architectural terra-cotta work would 
be excessively difficult to surpass in eitlier elegance, boldness, 
or elaborateness of desiorn. 

In the manufacture of meerschaum, tlie Vienna makers 
showed the greatest perfection of art, and were indignant that 
the German makers presumed to contest tlie field. English 
mother-of-pearl screens and trays were elegant, and were ad- 
mired perhaps as much as anything shown. They exhibited 
a great array of umbrellas and whips, and of various leather 
goods of the best possible construction, but these articles 
seemed no better than those shown in our shops. 

Of toys, the Swiss and German display was overwhelming. 
Our own scientific and mechanical toys were very noticeable ; 
but it seems to me that they look too permanent and machine- 
like to fill the child with sucli bursts of joy as do the old 
painted toys of the Germans. 

Ivory carved elegantly was shown by man}' nations, but 
none compared favorably with the German. 

In paper, paper-hangings, and papier-mache our own manu- 
factures are quite equal to any I saw exhibited, while our 
gold pens and pencils were far superior to those of the wliole 
world. 

In book-printing, the English and our own stood probably 
as higli even as the elegant work shown by the Erench. The 
German and Austrian work that came under notice seemed 
to me not so good, tliough some fine specimens were to be 
seen. 



55 

The general printing of no country is as good as our own 
and the English, not excepting even that of France. The 
German and Austrian type and printing used in their cur- 
rent books and papers are both bad. In these points we 
excel all other nations, hardly excepting the English. In 
lithography, the Germans excelled all; t3ut in chromo-lith- 
ography our own articles were the best exhibited, tliough the 
Austrian specimens were elegant and beautiful. 

Pattern-drawino; from some of the Austrian and German 
schools was quite equal to that from tlie English and French 
schools, and was very attractive. 

The riiacli'niG department, being separated from all of the 
multitude of distracting things, stood quite alone as the most 
attractive place, perhaps most successful exhibition, inasmuch 
as a clear and distinct idea could be had there, not only of 
the world's progress in each branch of machinery, but one na- 
tion could be easily compared as to general progress on any 
one branch of machinery with another. The contributions 
not being always of the same kind of machines, an actual 
comparison of similar specimens could not be made; but 
there was no. difficulty in comparing the state of the art of 
construction in each. Our own machine department was the 
best part of the American exhibition for the same reason; 
and tlie arrangement of classes by themselves always gives a 
satisfaction to the observer not obtained from the general 
arrangement adopted in all other departments at Vienna. 

The exhibition of machinery showed that all of the leading 
nations of Europe are striving to attain perfection in this de- 
partment. The American machinery of all kinds, though 
only sale machinery of the best makers, not made specially to 
exhibit, so far as I could see as to finish and material bore to 
the English and continental machinery the same relative 
merit that the machinery of the best American makers bears 
to a sort of cheap machinery made by cheap makers to sell in 
the stores for small prices. 

The immense machine-hall, erected of brick, stuccoed, and 
highly ornamented, with trussed iron roof lighted by numer- 
ous large side windows placed near the roof in the side walls, 
was a parallelogram 745 yards long by 45 yards wide. It 
was completely filled with machinery of all kinds, and to 
have a very valuable report of its contents quite a corps of re- 
porters and draughtsmen w^ould have been required during the 
whole exhibition. A good report of the exliibition of locomo- 



56 

fives alone would have been very valuable, but a lierculean 
task. The exhibition of spinning, embroidering, and all kinds 
of machines used in textile fabrication, was full and of a very 
fine order, botli in invention and workmanship. The advances 
naade by our inventors could be seen here, for a great many 
innovations on tlie old methods were of American parentage, 
improved or modified to suit the purposes of application. 

The manufactures of iron and steel, French, German, Eng- 
lish, and Austrian showed the most wonderful results in the 
manufacture of these metals. 

But while examining the wonderful progress made in the 
manufacture of steel, it should be borne in mind that it was 
Bessimer who made it possible to make sucli an enormous 
ingot as was shown by Krupp, and in model by Russia. Until 
his metlu)d, it was not possible to make such liuge masses of 
steel. 

\\i pMlowphical^ .surgical^ niatheinatical^ and other instru- 
ments of that class, astonishing exhibitions were made, ex- 
cessively low in price, liut principally l)y Austrian and Ger- 
man makers. 

In electrical apparatus France and Germany took not only 
tlie lead, but really made almost the only show, which was 
(piite extensive and wonderful. The manufacture of musical 
instruments of perfection seem to be (confined to the western 
nations of Europe and to our own country ; that is, to Aus- 
tria, Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, and the United 
States. An additional exhibition of violins and violoncellos, 
of tlie old Italian and Tyrolese makers, was held, which I 
did not see ; but its object was to bring to light the points of 
excellence in the productions of these best makers, so tliat 
modern makers may be able to produce as good or better 
instruments. 

The beautiful method of the organization of the jury for 
this Exhibition is suggestive. They were to be furnished l)y 
the exhibitors a brief history and the points of tlie instru- 
ments. This they were to revise and prepare for publication, 
witli illustrations, dimensions, and remarks, so as to utilize 
the Exhibition. It is tlius evident that the originator of this 
additional exhibition appreciated the fact tliat a world's fair 
might be a stepping-stone in the grand advance of man, in- 
stead of a place of fr^ule and simple exliibitiou of wluit each 
individual can do. 

The pianos of Austria, and of Fraiuu' and Italy, wei*e all 



57 

good, and though no better than our own, seemed to ine quite 
MS good, l)otli in tone and finisli. 

France exliibited a novelty or two in stringed instruments, 
and Switzerland in organs. Austrian and German eliureh 
organs were very line indeed, and tlie only ones on exhibition. 
Tlie United States cabinet organs were superior to those of 
tlie other countries, and were elegant in tinish. 

The specimens in tlie gronp of the art of war, if we exc^ept 
tliose in the sanitary department, were limited and poor, nor 
were those shown arranged in snch a way as to be of mnch ad- 
vantage to other nations. The specimens of Krupp and of Rus- 
sia were the best, but Ivrupp's was classiiied as a metal indns- 
tr}', and he showed nothing new. The exhibition of Switzer- 
land, Italy, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark was noticeable; 
but the special programme was not followed even by Austria 
herself, though Hungary made a l)eautiful exhibition, having 
grouped upon a platform, an artificial piece of earth, a tableaux 
of life-size figures of her artillery, infantry, cavalry, engineers, 
and miners, with their guns, horses, and implements, all very 
life-like and iuiposing. In this class especially a connected or- 
der of exhibition would have been useful and instructive, chro- 
nologically and historically. Roumania made a small show 
of the same kind, and from the United States were several 
small-arms, the adopted Springfield gun, and a collection of 
uniforms from the Schuylkill arsenal. Tliese last did not 
compai-e very favorably w^itli the uniforms of the European 
soldiers on exhibition, either in material or in the manner in 
whicli they were made, excepting, perhaps, those from Rouma- 
nia. 

The sanitary service show was very fine, and included 
everything, from the model of the hospital to the smallest 
article that could be of benefit. Sanitary cars, freight cars 
converted into them, stretchers, ambulances, surgeons' cases, 
and everything conceivable to alleviate pain. France, Aus- 
tria, and Germany made the bulk of this exhibition, but al- 
most every country in Europe was represented to some extent. 

Materials for naval architecture and supplies, especially 
from the Danube Steam Navigation Company, the Atlantic 
Steamship Company's Lloyd and Bremen, and from Hungary 
and Brazil, were of the very finest description, full in detail, 
and of the most perfect character. 

P'rom Italv were exhibited mao^nificent models of archi- 
tectural work, and of the Mont Cenis tunnel. But in road- 



58 

making, and machines for that purpose, England showed all 
there was to be seen worthy of note ; these w^ere self-propel- 
ling, and were provided with rolls, and eranes for lifting. 

Devices for promoting comfort and health in dwellings were 
scattered here and there, so that no very definite idea could 
be had of them by a general observer like myself. There was 
an exhibition of drawings, models, and samples of the ar- 
rangement and decoration of private dwellings and farm- 
lioiises ; and although I felt much interested in these sub- 
jects, I had not the time necessary to find its scattered parts, 
and hence saw but little of it. 

The apparatus for distilling and brewing exhibited by 
Grermany and Austria, were not as extensive, perliaps, as the 
use of their products by the whole population, but both were 
very complete. 

The French, English, German, Austrian, and Hungarian 
pottery shown w^as beautiful, and in design and color in- 
structive. The exhibitors, however, imparted so little infor- 
mation that the explorer was tempted to secure a sketch, 
to act as a reminder for after search ; but if he proceeded to 
make it, scarcely five lines could be 'drawn before he would 
be stopped by the zealous police, who are as omnipresent 
in Austria as the press is in America. 

The importance of tlie National Domestic Industry Exhi- 
bition was almost lost, because it w^as so scattered among 
different nations and other industries, as that, unless an ob- 
server had no curiosity whatever, the distracting elements 
were so great he could not so isolate liimself as only to see 
his object, and it alone, even after he had found it by days and 
days of patient search. And if our Centennial Exhibition 
should adopt a similar arrangement of classes, and if the exhib- 
itors fail to make accessible the data relative to the processes of 
manufacture, historical and statistical, its value will be com- 
paratively small. But if the juries be adequately paid, and it 
be made their duty to obtain, from the exhibitors, a full and 
complete description of processes, history, commercial value, 
&c., as minute as though the chronicler intended to pursue 
the business himself, and was gaining data therefor, then the 
country would receive a full equivalent for any sum of money 
necessary to the success of such an enterprise. If there are 
secret processes, let the product be entered for special ex- 
hibition, but not in competition with the whole world for the 
grand prizes, which should only be for a full disclosure oi 




IVo. 15. 

Interior view of two of the rooms devoted to France in the Art Gallery. 



61 

all the data touching the business or process. Thus those 
wlio would receive the grand prizes would have them for ab- 
solute superiority over everything exhibited from the I'est of 
the world. The ol)jection that tliis makes known the vital 
secrets of a business will not hold good, for the makers can 
say, simply, we arrive at a special point by a process known 
only to ourselves, and in case of patented articles that secret 
lias already been given. 

In the Group of Art applied to lleligion, though there were 
l)ut few entries under that special head, there was a good deal 
to be seen, with some very beautiful s]:>ecimens of stained 
glass and altar decorations of bronze, together with carved 
and gilded wood, Avith figures in wax and wood, candles, can- 
delabras, paraphernalia, c^:c. But these articles did not show 
any special artistic merit ; and in view of the majority of the 
art and bronze works scattered throughout the churches of 
Germany, Austria, and France, the progress of the arts would 
not have suffered had their patronage never been given. (See 
illustration No. 15.) 

The Fine Art exhibition was as eminently succ^essful as 
such a collection can ever be ; and though there were but few 
specimens of sculpture that will probably become historic — 
not from want of merit, but from want of historic interest — 
there were, from Italy, Greece, France, Germany, and Aus- 
tria, very many fine specimens, evincing in a high degree a 
wide-spread love of nature and its art imitations. An unpre- 
judiced visitor, wandering tlirough tlie long galleries of paint- 
ings in the art buildings, beholding the works of the old 
masters and of the new, must say that very many of the 
latter handle the brush with superior skill and effect, in 
lights, shades, distances, and expression. 

No old master can compare with some of the most modern 
in color and correct drawing. But in sculpture the impression 
made upon my mind by works of the old masters was one of 
superiority as far as mere anatomical figures were concerned, 
but not so in matters of detail or truthfulness to fact, putting 
aside the nonsense of a combination of male and female 
figures. 

The paintings and sculptures were drawn from the studios 
and private collections of Italy, France, Germany, and Aus- 
tria principally, as well as from England, Switzerland, Hol- 
land, Belgium, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Denmark, 
Spain, Portugal, America, and Greece, so that here were to 



62 

be seen line specimens of these arts from tlie greater part of 
the civilized world. (See illustration No. 16.) 

One of the most gratifying parts of this exhibition was the 
drawings from the English art scliools; tlie gradual creeping 
of art in its highest sense into the common course of educa-' 
tion, thus permeating all parts of society, elevating, refining 
and ennobling our aspirations. 

The interest displayed by all of the principal exhibiting na- 
tions in educational matters by specimens of schools, systems 
of teaching, books, and philosophical and chemical apparatus, 
the fifth largest exhibition, could not but inspire great hope 
for the future of mankind ; yet it was like all other classes, 
except that of machinery, so divided, separated, and scattered 
as that it was next to impossible even to find the contribu- 
tions ; especially was this true of those who had to rely upon 
such interpreters as scarcity of funds would allow them to 
hire, men who spoke the different tongues from some acci- 
dental short residence, and to whom scientific terms in either 
language were as foreign as to the employer, and yet who, 
from fear of dismissal, pretended to understand all that was 
said to them, conscious of the employer's inability to better 
himself. 

There were additional exhibitions-: The History- of In- 
ventions, of Industry, of Musical Instruments, of Waste 
Material and their Products, of Live Animals, Flowers, Pro- 
duce, and other temporary things perishable in their nature. 

The success of the Exposition was proportioned to its. 
enormous extent, exhibiting, as to my mind it really did, the 
principal occupations of men throughout the world, shown 
from almost every stand-point conceivable, l^o better national 
school could be than such an exhibition; and I am sure no 
visitor, alive to the necessities of life and the welfare of his 
fellow-men, could go into such an exhibition without feeling 
the narrowness of his previous experience, and gaining new 
life, light, and vigor in his own peculiar pursuit. 

Character and Condition of the American Exhibition. 

These were not so bad as represented by correspondents and 
by chronic grumblers, who are usually superficial observers ; 
but it was the universal remark of the American visitors that 
our department was a disgrace to the country and unworthy 
the name "American." They were all ashamed of the untidy 
manner of it and of its management, as well they niiglit have 




IVo. IG. 

Interior view of one of the chambers in the Art Building, showing in the front a piece 
of sculpture from the " Deutshes Reich," and in the background one from France, as 
well as a view through a door leading to an art room devoted to France. The figures 
on the floor were maiks of water used to lay the dust. 



65 

been. But altliougli it was not so extensive, perhaps, as it 
should have been, vet in some respects it did great credit to 
tlie country. The articles put on exhil)ition, with very few 
exceptions, were indeed no better than those everywhere to 
be found in the American shops. I took special pains to 
compare our work with that of all otlier countries, and in a 
majority of cases I found it superior. 

It is true, I am sorry to say, that the American exhibitors 
had to l)ear unaided the expense of putting their goods on ex- 
hibition, and to take care of them while there. They were com- 
pelled to pay for the space occupied by their goods — a shame 
to the American Commission, in view of its instructions. Our 
exhibitors were compelled to erect the stands and to bring their 
own cases in wliich to exhibit their goods ; and notwithstanding 
this state of things could be said, in a great measure, of all 
the Commissions, nevertheless it was a shame to the Amer- 
ican Commission, because Congress had provided otherwise. 
Xo matter who was Commissioner, or at what period the goods 
came to be exhibited, early or late, there never was a bureau 
through which information of any kind could be had, even as 
to how or where to get a case made, or how to get their goods 
from custom-house or railway — no small difficulty for those 
not conversant with the language, and who could not employ 
competent persons for w^ant of knowing whom to employ. 
And thus our exhil)itors ^yere often compelled to borrow, 
from the British Commission, carpenters and laborers to do 
their work. Exhibitors complained that there never was a 
plan for placing the goods, and this notwithstanding we had 
a paid architect. In fact there never ^vere laborers enough, 
so that tlie members of the Artisan and Scientific Committee, 
assisted by a few honorary commissioners, felt compelled 
to pull off their coats and unpack the goods and put them in 
place for those exhibitors who, supposing the appropriation 
of Congress intended to pay for such service, had therefore 
sent no one to accompany their goods, and had not even ap- 
pointed a representative. These exhibitors were the major- 
ity, and their goods were placed as best these persons could, 
assisted by money furnished by an exhibitor or two who 
assumed to represent such goods until they could have au- 
tliority for so doino;, as will be seen by a letter from one of 
them. 

The elegance so noticeable in the French, Swiss, and Ital- 
ian departments was entirely wanting in that of the United 



66 

States. The goods were kept in order entirely at the ex- 
pense of the exhibitors, who, throngh their agents, only two 
or three in nnmber, really performed these fnnctions of tlie 
Commission. It was not in my province or anthority to 
ask for explanation of all of this, and my efforts to have it 
otherwise, repeated at the monthly meeting of the whole 
Commission, always proved futile. 

I make these remarks simply because it comes properly, 
justly, correctly within my report upon this branch of the 
Exhibition, and if I neglected to insert them, my report 
Avould be deceptive. 

The decorations furnished by the American Commission 
were meagre and cheap. Americans did not complain of the 
character of the goods put on exhibition, but they always 
complained, with very few exceptions, of the cheap and un- 
tasteful manner in which the goods were exhibited. It is, 
however, quite wonderful how the goods were put on exhibi- 
tion as well as they were, for the exhibitors, having acted 
upon the belief that the United States had appropriated 
money enough to exhibit them in the very best manner pos- 
sible without private expense, made no preparation to meet 
the expense. 

Indeed, the money appropriated, in the hands of a judicious 
manager, was quite sufficient to have exhibited the goods 
more magnificently than those of any other nation. With a 
few hundred dollars at best, it was quite wonderful what a 
show the self-constituted exhibitors made of the goods they 
represented, or assumed to represent, in the absence of au- 
thority and of the contributors. If there had been, as there 
never was, an organized head through which the American 
goods might have been systematically arranged and placed 
in position, our department would liave been quite as credita- 
ble as that of any nation. Our goods were of excellent qual- 
ity, and almost always of useful things. Everything with us 
usually assumes some practical form, with little of ornament 
alone, but enough embellished to please the eye, even as 
much as the elaborate ornamentation of the French. Our 
sewing-machines, for example, were of the first workmanship, 
and although some of the European-made compared quite 
favorably in many points of excellence of manufacture, yet 
none of them showed such elesrant and beautiful machines, 
forming such artistic and pleasant ornaments for the cham- 
ber, which they are intended to adorn. So far as I could 



07 

observe, this feature of American iiiacliiiies is distinctive. I 
learned from American makers that, notwitlistanding their 
prices are higher considerably^ tlian tliose of European mak- 
ers, yet tliey are selling- readily to European clothing-manu- 
facturers, because, they say, the American machines are better 
made, and ^vill stand tlie wear and tear of constant usage. 
There were very few American exhibitors present in any de- 
partment, but the sewing-machines were all represented, and 
in the machinery department there were a few others ; but 
the mass of things on exhibition were gratuitously represented 
by gentlemen present, who imdertook tlie service for the 
honor of tlie absent owners or of the country. 

There were also l)nt few exhibitors regularly present from 
many other countries ; consequently, it was often quite im- 
possible to obtain a knowledge of the articles on exhibition. 
Especially was this true of the American department. There 
was no excuse for it. There was no reason that we should not 
always have had at liand some persons in charge to communi- 
cate the value, the meaning, and the mechanical worth of 
every machine and exhibit in his department, and able to give 
this information in more tlian one tongue. And I trust that at 
the Centennial Exliibition there shall be a chief in charge of 
every division, w^ith subdivisions numerous enough to arrange 
and minutely catalogue and know everything exhibited. Eroni 
some reason or other the American goods did not arrive here 
in such order, or early enough, to be properly catalogued, and 
many reflections wliich will be cast both upon the Commis- 
sioner and upon the compiler of the catalogue will be un- 
just. The catalogue should be looked upon with very great 
leniency, especially in view of the fact that the whole Com- 
mission commenced in disorganization. 

But what has struck me as most astonishing, is, that the 
successive Commissions, knowing that all the trouble in this 
department, as far as exhibitors w^ere concerned, had arisen 
from the want of oro^anization, should never have taken 
advantage of the lesson, and organized a clerical force 
sufficiently large to conduct the business systematically 
and without further annoyance. When an exhibitor ar- 
rived, his goods not having been sent by the Government's 
ships, but at liis own expense, he w^as usually directed by 
friends to a private gentleman, Mr. Louis Ritz, of Cincinnati, 
who spoke both German and English fluently, and who, fortu- 
nately for the country, assumed to represent a large number 



68 

of exhibitors. On account of his uniform kindness, and pop- 
ularity with the Austrian officials, he was enabled to do what 
tlie Commission could not do — speedily procure tlie goods from 
the custom-liouse or railways where they were in store, and 
whose officei's knew not what to do with them. This gentleman 
carried about in his pocket and mind almot^t tlie whole of the 
business, and a great man}^ of the exhibitors feel a lasting 
gratitude to liim. There were probably a dozen highly credi- 
table cases, in which goods were displayed in the miscellaneous 
department. 

Our exhibition of okes and minerals, though not large, em- 
l)raced wide and varied parts of tlie countr}^ ; but being 
comparatively small collections, and not artistically placed 
on exhibition, did not attract deserved attention. They 
were creditable to be sure, but in view of what we might have 
shown, and in comparison to the metal exhibits of Germany 
and Austria, ours were really insignificant. In fact, if we 
had had the display of the goods of any tolerably good metal 
store we would have done ourselves a little credit. 

There were a few drawings and maps, but unaccompanied 
by explanation or statistics of production in German, or even 
in English. 

In view of the Centennial Exhibition I desire to call atten- 
tion to the most instructive kind of exhibition, and which, if 
systematically carried out, will be most creditable to the peo- 
ple of this country, and of the greatest importance and interest 
to the whole world. I speak of the exhibition of the North- 
ern Pacific railway and that of the resources of the State of 
Kortli Carolina. The I^orthern Pacific railway showed a 
very large map of their projected railway from Duluth to the 
Pacific Ocean. The map was of a very fine order, with beau- 
tiful marginal photographic illustrations. It showed the 
topography, the profile, its elevations, its woods, &c., t%c., 
and was accompanied with statistical information. Coupled 
with it, were shown cereals and other products of the country. 
There were in the Exhibition several exhibits of this kind 
from Europe, but none accompanied with such striking facts 
so extensive or so beautifully executed. But the finest show 
of this kind deserving special notice, national in its character 
and directing minute attention to a limited portion of our 
great country, was Professor W. C. Keer's map of the State 
of North Carolina, prepared and put on exhibition at his pri- 
vate expense. It was quite extensive ; I should judge 10x20 



69 

feet. It showed the physical features of tlie State, the topog- 
raphy, geology, and mineralogy; its soils; its forests; its 
natural productions; its agricultural productions; its climate; 
its remarkable tilings and places ; profiles, photographs, and 
statistics. All of these features were shown by colors and 
other conventional means, and at a glance a very perfect idea 
could be had of the State of Korth Carolina. The map was 
accompanied by a collection of its productions, consisting of 
specimens of tlie native woods, the most important minerals, 
and of the chief agricultural products, cotton in plant and 
bale, rice, tobacco, grain, wine, silk, &c., &c., thus giving a 
more perfect idea of a limited portion of the earth's surface 
than was given *by any other single contribution in the Exhi- 
bition without exception. 

If the whole of our States would prepare such maps and 
submit them to a couipetent jury of editors to modify, ex- 
tend, and bring them within the scope of a general plan, and 
then heliotype and publish them in book form for use in our 
schools, it would l)e of greater use as a text-book than any in 
existence. 

It is to be hoped that these samples, not forgetting the 
exhibition by- the Pork-Packing Association of Cincinnati, 
which illustrated the whole process of the slaughter and 
preparation of pork, will stand as suggestive precedents, and 
call out exhibitions at the Centennial of this character; ac- 
companied in every case by careful descriptions, so that we 
may be able to disseminate much valuable knowledge. Five 
minutes of careful and well-explained oral teaching, by a 
good teacher, with such maps, would give a better idea of 
the geography, geology, and' history of our country than 
could be learned by the careful perusal of a volume of three 
hundred pages upon the same subject, making a better and 
more lasting impression upon the pupil. The first expression 
of every American who chanced to see the map of North 
Carolina was to say, "I never knew before the character and 
value of that State." The beautiful feature of trapping the 
pupil into learning, instead of forcing him, is one of its most 
attractive merits. You are fairly caught, before you are 
aw^are of it, into learning a lesson in geography, mineralogy, 
and even of botany, which will never be forgotten. 

Our school exhibition attracted universal attention, and Dr. 
Hoyt, of Wisconsin, deserves great credit for his indefatigable 



70 

labors in this direction, and in many other efforts to make 
miicli of what we liad. Notwithstanding the marked atten- 
tion this exliibition received, I must confess that the school 
exhibitions of Prussia, of Austria, of Sweden, and, in fact, of 
every other country making such an exhibition, were quite 
equal to our own. 

The same barbarous school fnrniture, with hard wooden 
seats and backs, as shown by us, made with but slight, im- 
material changes, were shown by other nations as well as by our 
own exhibitors. Our little rural school-house w^as not a dis- 
creditable specimen, but other countries showed quite as cred- 
itable ones, with as good buildings, and apparently as good 
a system as that which we have. The building itself was as 
well constructed as usual for such a purpose, and in consid- 
eration of the totally different style of building in Vienna, 
it is very creditable that it was done so well. For a long 
time there was no one in the school-house to explain it, and 
as the people all had an interest in America, everybody went 
to see the "American Rural School-House." After great en- 
deavor the Commissioner was induced to be so extravagant 
as to keep an accomplished linguist. Dr. De Frye, there, and, 
through him, German, French, Spanish, and Italian alike w^ere 
enabled to learn something of our school system, and that 
the small building inspected was but a sample of a country 
school, aud by no means one of those buildings of which we 
are so proud. A more suitable man could not have been 
found than this polite linguist. 

A visit to the American machine department showed a well- 
organized and discriminating arrangement in our department 
of the immense machine hall, of which it w^as as but a drop. 
We showed the best machinery on exhibition, though it would 
have required a special judge to have made distinction be- 
tween the value of the exhibition of our country and that of 
another in this line. In fact, the exhibition of machinery 
was so magnificent, and showed so high a degree of civiliza- 
tion, and so much advancement, that it is sheer nonsense for 
any individual people to arrogate to themselves more than a 
simple share in this grand march of progress. 

The value of liberal protection to inventors showed itself 
liere remarkably, and notw^ithstanding it is true that any 
exhibition of an American fair of creditable size will show 
ten times the number of new inventions shown throughout 
tliis whole Exhibition, and althongli in the American de])art- 



71 

nient but a limited inimber of new tilings was presented, 
it contained more new matter tlian was shown by all the 
rest of the world pnt together ; and yet there was in this 
Exhibition no collection whatever of what we call Yankee 
Notions. 

Our exhibition was not a discredit to us; we might be well 
proud of it; we could not, however, be so proud of the man- 
agement of our affairs, at whatever stage of the Exhibition, 
for at all times a want of system was apparent wliich was 
rpiite humiliating. 

I could specify Ameri(;an machines, bnt it is unnecessary 
for me to do so, nor does it come in my province. If Ameri- 
cans mean to hold their present enviable position as manu- 
facturers of machinery, they must continue to manufacture 
every machine with a view to its exterior elegance, and to 
excellence of workmanship warranted throughout, because it 
is perfe(5tly apparent to my mind (and I am told that the 
advance sliown here over every former exhibition of ma- 
chinery, as made in Europe, is very marked) that the Euro- 
pean manufacturers are striving to make as good machines 
as are made elsewhere, and it will not do for Americans to 
build cheap machinery to combat these manufacturers. If 
they do, they will lose their prestige, and retrograde instead 
of advance. 

I am thus particular in enforcing this idea, because I fear 
that at this present juncture, w^hen American machinery is 
appreciated so much, and European manufacturers are 
attempting not only to imitate, but to excel, our makers will 
make a very great mistake in assuming that Europe must 
come to America for machinery of the better class because of 
the rise of prices in England, from whence they heretofore 
bought a great proportion of this class of productions. 

Our machines were superior, each of its kind, to those of 
any other country, and our new ideas were very much sought 
for and admired by visitors. Several of our machines ex- 
hibited attracted much attention, such as shoe-machinery, 
continuous spinner, fire-places, puddler, shuttle-thrower, 
lathes, tire-setter, drops, and w^ood machinery. These were 
generally the best of their kinds yet produced by man, and 
w^e could therefore be proud of them. 

Passing from this department into the agricultural hall of 
the American department, there w^as a fine exhibition of agri- 
cultural tools of several kinds, and upon examining them care- 



72 

fully in all their parts, one noticed that they were well made 
and generally well designed, with good proportions, pleasing 
to the eye. The same cannot he said of most of the Mgricnl- 
tnral machines exhibited in other departments. 

It was very apparent that America stands first in this most 
important branch of machinery. Notwithstanding England 
made a mnch greater show than we did, onrs was perhaps the 
more creditable, for it was evident that they as well as other 
nations had copied onr machines very minntely. This conld 
not be told without some previous knowledge of the facts, but 
the general similarity and in some parts identity would sug- 
gest at once that minute copies had been made; but it was 
apparent to the careful examiner that the American machines 
were more graceful, lighter, stronger, and better proportioned 
than any others, excepting where they were identical copies, 
and even then ours were better made. 

Throughout the wdiole American department everything 
depended npon tlie exhibitor as to the knowledge to be ob- 
tained of the machinery or the articles on exhibition, and 
nothing was done by any Commission, as there should have 
been, to enable those seeking knowdedge to derive benefit 
from the exhibition. But this was not alone true of tlie 
American Commission ; it was generally true of all. 

In the German department ther6 were general agents in 
charge of the goods, but very often they could only tell the 
prices and makers, and could giv^e no facts concerning them. 

The machine department of our exhibition was the best, 
principally because we had a paid superintendent who repre- 
sented some of tlie maciiinery under his charge, and all of it 
was put on exhibition as well as that of any other nation. In 
most instances, the cases, mountings, and fittings of the stands 
for our goods were of the shabbiest and cheapest kind, and 
these really gave the American department the bad name it 
seems to have obtained, more here at home from the reports 
of superficial observers than from real causes, for it was 
creditable enough what there was of it, though a gi'eat nation 
like ours, adored by nearly all foreigners, should have been 
represented in every art, trade, and industry, so as to draw 
to us tlie best mechanics and talent that the cities and schools 
of Europe afiPord. 



73 



Observations and Doings. 

Leaving New York by tlie Iiunaii steamer City of Brook- 
lyn on tlie lltli of May, 1873, after the usual vicissitudes of 
a passage across the Atlantic, passing through London, 
Paris, etc., I arrived at Vienna on the 15th of June, and im- 
mediately reported myself to the Commissioner, Mr. Jackson 
S. Shultz, who had evidently taken the commissionership be- 
cause, under the circumstances, some one must do so. 

I repaired without delay to my own Commission, who had 
already organized themselves into a committee for business, 
and had selected Mr. Horsford as chairman, at the suggestion 
of Mr. Shultz, who, by the instructions, should have been 
made chairman. There was no accord existing between the 
two branches of the Commission, the reporting and governing. 

For some reason which I could not well see, our chairman 
carried the whole business of the committee in his pocket, 
and reallv ran the committee bv his own will, consulting the 
Commissioner only, relying upon the inexperience of most of 
tlie Commission, and their desire to act moderately, modestly, 
and inofFensivel3^ 

The committee had elected a secretary, but had no clerk, 
linguists, or draughtsmen, and was as poorly organized for 
duty, all for w^ant of funds, as was the Chief Commissioner's 
office itself. 

The secretary had jury duty, and his own report to make, 
and was kept quite busy. AVe could not employ a clerk to 
keep the record of the meetings, and keep tlie Department in- 
formed of our proceedings ; we had no money. We could 
not employ linguists or draughtsmen, who were absolutely 
needed if our reports were to be of value. After numerous 
conferences, we were allow^ed by Mr. Garretson, the Commis- 
sioner succeeding Mr. Shultz, a clerk, and some of us were 
allow^ed, as a sort of special favor, an interpreter for a short 
time. Trying it awhile, but not desiring longer to be favored^ 
1 employed my own assistant, and continued to do so during 
the whole time of m}^ service in Vienna. The Commissioner 
could never see his way clear to pay this needful help, or to 
give us our funds, if they were in his possession, and it w^as 
out of the question for the committee to do so, so none were 
ever employed. 

I could have used one or two draughtsmen very profitably 



74 

during the whole exposition. Our chairman made a sort of 
siimmarj report, which was sent to the Secretary of State, 
but, at each repetition, these grew to be so inaccurate, mis- 
representing the facts as relating to several members of the 
committee, that we refused to allow them to be made. Not- 
withstanding this, the chairman still held the place, it being 
of service to him to sign his name as snch. Tlie committee 
appointed the jnrymen, as often as was possible, from among 
themselves, though they had enough to do in procuring in- 
formation for their reports. To obtain the facts reqnisite 
for a nseful report, it was found necessary to be a member 
of a jury. This was the only means of seeing what you 
wished. Tlie mere fact tliat yon were a juryman gave yon 
permission to inspect the goods of tlie class to which yon 
were accredited. No other person conld see or examine 
them with needful particularity. 

Upon my arrival I found that some one had been appointed 
juror in the class upon whicli T had been assigned to report. 
But, as he did not come to Yienua, I asked to be made juror 
in his stead, and the appointment was immediately made. 

Mr. Samuel E-emington, representative of an American 
contributor to Group XYI, the Art of War, busied himself 
about the appointment of a juror for that department. Un- 
acquainted with me and ignorant of the rules governing the 
jury, or wishing their improper application, he sent the Com- 
missioner to me to know whether I w^ould confer with him. 
I met him in the ante-room of our committee. He wished 
to know how I stood and would act as juror. Forthwith he 
wrote a letter to the Commissioner obiectino; to me as iuror 
upon the ground that I was an inventor of fire-arms, tliougli 
aware that I was not an exliibitor, but seemingly not aware 
that there was no competition ; that exhibited articles of merit 
or that had made a progress could have a medal notwith- 
standing there might be a better article of the kind; that the 
jury had no discretion in tlie matter of awards, but were gov- 
erned entirely by fixed rules. The letter had no weight what- 
ever, for the committee at once saw through it, and did not 
give it a second consideration. 

But, upon examining Group XYI, I found that there had 
been placed on exhibition, in the name of the United States, 
a musket, of the most essential device in which I owned a 
patent. Hence I felt compelled to resign, which I did witli 
great reluctance, because in doing so I practically excluded 



76 

myself from the entree to the cases containing arms and all 
other objects exhibited, and rendered tlie performance of my 
duty a work of great labor and annoyance. 

Mr. AYood, the representative of the firm of Pratt cfe Whit- 
ney, was appointed in my stead. This young man is well 
known as an able mechanic, especially versed in the manu- 
facture of fire-arms, and thoroughly conversant with the value 
of every arm present, and withal a gentleman of unassuming 
and unexceptionable demeanor. It was with no little diffi- 
culty that persons could be found to fill tlie place of juror, 
inasmuch as our jurors, unlike those of every other nation, 
were not paid for their laborious services — laborious, if they 
did little else than run about and find the objects of their 
search, scattered as they were. No one was anxious, few 
could afford, to spend the time and money necessary to a satis- 
factory performance of the duties of the place. 

Having thus, as we thought, properly filled the vacant 
juror ship, the gentleman who had objected to my holding the 
place industriously circulated the report that the juror was 
only a mechanic, without social influence ; and thus this 
worthy young man was placed in a position of positive dis- 
comfort and his usefulness essentially impaired, of w^hich he 
justly complained to me, seeing that he had been made a juror 
without solicitation or expectation of the honor. 

The number of Americans visiting Yienna and remaining 
long enough to perform jury duty and to report was very small, 
and it was a matter of no little difficulty to get persons 
enough to do these duties. As soon as an American arrived 
with whom an acquaintance could be made, if he had the 
least qualification in the estimation of a member of our com- 
mittee, or better, if there was the least probability of his ac- 
ceptance, he was at once requested to undertake one or the 
other of these duties. 

The CommivSsioner should not have expected any one to 
perform such duties without pay. Our committee knew 
these facts and talked of them, but we were helpless; we 
could not get money enough to do our own duty. We could 
get nothing in the shape of salary, although we were the very 
officials for whose compensation the funds seemed to us to 
have been appropriated by Congress. 

In view of the fact that we had travelled four thousand 
miles to get to Yienna, and were compelled to remain five 
and six months, leaving our families at home, at least three 



76 

thousand dollai'ri should have been given each of lis, and one 
thousand dollars apiece should have been given some of tlie 
Honorary Commissioners who remained there to collect data 
for reports, and in other service; and if the United States ever 
send a Commission to another exhibition, it is to be lioped 
that these errors will be carefully provided against. It did 
not seem that the Commissioner had tlie least discretion in 
these matters, or, in fact, in the expenditure of the money 
appropriated. 

It was impossible, in conformity with the regulations of 
the State Department, for the members of our committee to 
prepare and read their reports to each other, because of the 
extreme difficulty of getting the details necessary to make 
them in season. In fact, I have not, up to this date, obtained 
the facts I sought to make my report what I had desired, and 
so have been compelled to change my plan. 

I found, for instance, in the German department, a chart 
prepared by a leather manufacturer, B. Jacobi, of Weisen- 
fels. Saxony, exhibiting a drawing of a side of leather, upon 
which was marked all of tlie parts of a battery harness, so 
planned as to avoid waste, and so that the requisite strength 
should be given to each piece. I deemed it of sufficient 
importance to be included in my report. It was covered 
all over with figures and directions in German, without a 
translation of which I could do nothing. I reported it to 
the Commissioner; he asked me if I thought it important; 
if so, to get an estimate of the cost of a draughtsman, one 
who could translate the matter. After much difficulty, I 
found one who would undertake it, but his charge would be 
fifteen florins, about seven dollars and fifty cents. I reported 
it to tlie Commissioner, and he asked me again if I thought it 
worth while. I sa*id I did, and he said he would give me an 
answer. Of course, I never again broached the subject of 
draughtsman, except that, again and again, it was proposed 
in the committee, the question being always one of money, 
of which we had none, and could get none. (3iir troubles 
were not, therefore, brought to the light of day after we found 
that no money could be had. 

The members of the Artisan and Scientific Commission 
labored under o-reat difficulties because of this state of things. 
If not a juryman, without the permission of the exhibitor the 
goods could 7iot be examined, and most often that person 
was not to be found, not even by representation. Contributors 



77 

(lid nut answer letters asking for information. In my own 
case several dozen letters to all parts of Europe met with 
three or fonr responses only, although written in courteous 
language, but, I am afraid, not always in the best French 
and German, but the best that was accessible to me at tliat 
time. 

After the original difficulties in the Commission, of wliicli 
I know nothing except idle rumor, when the new Commission 
came in, an architect and engineer were appointed. The lat- 
ter took charge of the machine department, and, aside from 
the fact that it was a distinct class, it did great credit to the 
ITiiited States, being cleanly, orderl}^, and compact, and al- 
most always in motion except on Sundays. It contained the 
best machinery, by far, in the whole exhibition, and stood 
pre-eminent evidence that the only way to do such business 
is to take a practical man, and pay him for his services, and 
expect the service of him, when the work will be done. 

All other parts of onr contribution were left to the exhib- 
itors, who did the best they could nnder the circumstances, 
being few in number and without means, the contributors 
having supposed that the Commission would assume the ex- 
hibition of the goods. They did the business of the Commis- 
sioner. In the words of the instructions to the Commis- 
sioner, they furnished their "laborers to keep the departments 
in order," " linguists for explanation," and all other duties 
necessary to secure the examination of the goods by the 
juries. 

Leaving out some direct personalities and names, I here 
insert a letter w^ritten ^to me, at my request, by one of the 
exhibitors, that will give a better idea how^ the exhibition 
commenced than anything that I could say : 

Vienna, September 18, 1878. 

Dear Sir : I came to Vienna, early in April, to look after my own and the 
exhibits of several houses in New York and Cincinnati. There were no goods 
here for the American Department upon my arrival, except a few cases which 
had come via Hamburg. 

The goods from the United States transports began to arrive about the 28d 
of April. There seemed to be no organized plan for their reception at the 
exposition building. Cases containing "fine arts," "philosophical instru- 
ments," "textile fabrics," &c., were promiscuously unloaded with machinery 
in the machine-hall. 

About this time the Commissioner was deposed, and the seeming disorgan- 
ization became a complete rout. I had begun to collect together the various 
boxes of one of the firms I represented, some twenty in number ; a part were 
in the machine-hall, a part in the new court, then building, and others in the 
main galleries. The in-coming Commission were exceedingly anxious to get 



78 

the department in order by May 1, the opening day; but not one of them 
was able to offer plans, assign space, or assure exhibitors that if it was occu- 
pied it should be permanent. One of the many managers asked me to open 
certain of my cases, as it was proposed to get a few things together to make 
a sort of an appearance for the opening day. This I did. I also set up a fine 
show-case and goods ; they were all arranged, somewhat after the style of a 
junk-shop, at the inner end of the galleries. 

It was thus that we participated in the opening day of the magnificent ex- 
hibition of the world's products. For several days after the opening day the 
exhibitors groped about, like the Commission, in masterly inactivity. At 
length they called an exhibitors' meeting, and electing one of our number 
chairman, an executive committee was formed, and we resolved to go to work, 
Commission or no Comnaission. 

The temporary Commissioner was called and informed of this step, who 
informed us that an architect had been appointed, and was busy making out 
a plan by which space was to be assigned. 

After a few days more waiting we found an architect on hand, who was in 
readiness to mark off space ; but he required each exhibitor first to unpack 
his goods and lay them on the floor before him, when he would devise a plan 
for their display after his own fancy. Some he arranged in pyramids, some 
in squares, and others as his taste suited him. Manufacturers, who were able 
to judge as to the manner and shape in which their goods should be displayed, 
were entirely ignored ; any protest or appeal to the temporary Commissioner 
was unavailing. 

The goods I had unpacked were assigned a wall space, not sufficient to dis- 
play one-third of them. Thinking it would be a disgrace to the house I rep- 
resented to display but a small part of the goods they had gone to the expense 
to send here, I repacked every one of them, and stacked the cases to one side 
in the galleries, where they stood for a number of days. 

About the 20th day of May all the goods from the United States transports 
had arrived, and it was discovered that our department presented a very naked 
appearance. I was then told to take all the space I wanted for the goods, and 
I was asked to spread out some exhibits which I had already completed. This 
I did cheerfully. 

Mr. Shultz had arrived at this time, and finding a number of cases which 
had no representatives, several, including myself, were told to take charge of 
them and display their contents, and any expense we icere at in doing so, if not 
paid by the oioner, he {Mr-. Shultz) would see that we could hold the goods for 
payment of expenses. At that time I employed six men, and upon this assur- 
ance from Mr. Shultz I set to work with them, aad put in position thirty ex- 
hibits, erected tables, draped them, and made as good a display as was pos- 
sible. 

I retained two men and a woman during the entire exhibition to look after 
and keep them in order, and to explain them to visitors. I have the goods 
of sixty exhibitors under my charge, and have obtained for them fifty-two 
medals ; most of these medals I claim as due my personal attention before the 
juries. Very truly yours, 

AN EXHIBITOR. 

Very little coiniiieiit is necessary; this letter sliows clearly 
liow the exhibition commenced, with the exception that it did 
not tell of the services of Mr. Ritz, who attended to the 
whole of the custom-honse dnties, snch as getting goods 
out of bond, paying freights, tfec, and was equally as indus- 
trious with those exhibits which had no representation, hav- 
ing in his emplo)' a good many hiborers, and that those of 



79 

the United States Artisan and Scientific Committee then 
present, feeling the state of things, and liaving no voice, or 
control of mone}' with which to employ laborers, and seeing 
tliat none would be employed, simply pulled off their coats, 
and unpacked tlie goods and placed them on exhibition with 
their own liands. 

These discomfitures did not seem to teacli or even open 
the eyes of the Commissioners, for they did not establish 
a bureau, to which you might apply for assistance, or to 
aid in placing or in procuring the goods from the custom- 
house; and, in fact. Commissioner Shultz derided a mo- 
tion, at a general meeting of the whole Commission, to in- 
crease the clerical force of the bureau of the Commission, so 
as to have a clerk in attendance to receive the mail and assort 
it, instead of chucking it into an empty "bitters" box at the 
foot of the stairs leading to two rooms occupied by the Com- 
mission architect, to be handled by any and everybody who 
pleased to do so; and especially another wlio could speak 
German, autliorized to attend the reception of the goods at 
the custom-house, and to take them out of bond, without so 
much trouble to the victimized visitor and exhibitor. It never 
occurred to these gentlemen that they w^ere "to receive the 
products on their arrival in Austria and place them on ex- 
hibition." 

I do not pretend to say that the Commissioners liad any 
money; that I never knew; but I am sure that fifty thousand 
dollars would have furnished all of the space occupied by 
the American department more magnificently than any other 
in the whole exhibition, for the show that was made was 
wholly due to a very few thousand dollars indeed expended 
by the exhibitors themselves. 

The decorations put up by the Commissioners were meagre 
and cheap daubs, together with a few flags. The Artisan 
and Scientific Commission should have had their money at 
their own disposition. If they were not trustworthy, they 
should not have been sent there, and being sent, they should 
not have been treated like so many school-boys. The ex- 
pense of living, of trav^elling, and of many necessary things 
not anticipated, were incurred by the Reporters to meet the 
engagements incident to the purpose for which they were 
sent, and arising from the necessary demands of society. 
Some of tliem were placed in very uncomfortable positions 
indeed, and were compelled to borrow, at high rates or from 



80 

friendis, to be enabled to get along at all. But few of thein 
were travellers, and were led to believe one thousand dollars 
was enough. All of this came about in this way : 

When one of the Artisan and Scientific Committee arrived 
in Vienna, fonr thousand miles from liome, he almost invari- 
ably found nearly all of his fonr hnndred dollars gone, whicli 
liad been allowed him by the State Department. By appli- 
cation to the Commissioner lie was referred to the Minister, 
Mr. Jay, wdio seemed to be tiie custodian of the fnnds, and 
wlio granted him a further stipend of two hundred dollars, 
which snm mnst last him six montlis, or nntil he conld 
say he liad acqnired matter for his report. Out of this two 
hnndred dollars and the little left over of the fonr linndred 
dollars, he mnst take care of wife and children at home, and 
live in Vienna for six months. After he conld (conscien- 
tiously write tlie letter required by Messrs. Jay and Garret- 
son, although his instrnctions reqnired him to remain dnring 
the exln'bition, he could get fonr hnndred dollars additional 
to be used np in the liomeward trip, evidently deemed neces- 
sary to be retained to keep us from becoming beggars on the 
way liome. The proper criticism npon tliis will occnr to 
every reader. This was not tlie intention of Congress. 
They liberally provided two linndred thonsand dollars for the 
Commission, of which fifty thousand was for the Artisan 
and Scientific subdivision, and has been misappropriated if 
applied to any other purpose ; and it is nothing bnt jnst to 
those who composed that Commission that tliey shonld receive 
an equal division of the appropriation. 

Of the $200,000 appropriated, not more than $50,000 was 
to be expended for salaries and expenses of all persons re- 
ceiving places AUTHORIZED by the resolntion ; and as tlie arti- 
san and scientific reporters were the only jjersons authorized 
to he ajjpointed by the resolntion, to whom $50,000 was the 
limit of pay for expenses and salary, it is clear, to me at least, . 
that they have been treated unjnstl}", and debarred from re- 
ceiving what Congress had set aside for them, greatly to the 
prejudice of their reports, and to their discomfiture and loss 
in attempting to perform their duty, and I hope Congress will 
find a remedy for this injustice by ordering an eqnal division 
of the money among those appointed, in accordance with this 
resolntion, who have performed their duty. 

I was obliged to have an interpreter at m}^ private expense 
all the time, and with him, after I had found a good one, a 




]So. 17. 

THE FRENCH COMMISSION BUILDING. 
This building was a contribution of French constructors to the Exhibition. It was 
fitted, furnished, carpeted, ornamented, and embellished by the various makers of the 
different articles necessary to complete a modern house, and was done without cost to 
the Commission, who in turn sold the articles for the contributors. 



83 

college student, I found it exceedingly ditticult to get the in- 
formation I desired ; in fact, I have been compelled, from the 
absolute want of information, to forego the original plan of 
my report. 

The French and English Commissions were well organ- 
ized, but the want of interpreters in the English and French 
departments of the Exhibition w^as keenly felt by all nation- 
alities. The English Commission had but a very small sum 
of money, but, like the French Commission, they were wide 
awake, and their exhibits were creditably, tastily, and beauti- 
fully shown, making a great contrast with our own contribu- 
tion. They had enlisted iron-workers in their cause, who 
erected becoming quarters for their Commissions, as a contri- 
bution to the exhibition. They were furnished, carpeted, and 
fitted with gas and water fixtures by exhibitors, these things 
constituting, in part, their exhibits, which w^ere, in turn for 
their use, advertised and sold by tlie Commissioners. (See 
illustration I^o. IT.) 

The English department was a most valuable neighbor to 
the American, from w^hich they borrowed carpenters, tools, 
catalogues, case-makers, glaziers, tfec. 

If these matters had been done jointly I should never have, 
observed them ; but I trust, if there shall ever be another 
exhibition* in w'hich w^e take part, our Commissioner shall not 
only be authorized to take responsibility, but shall be in- 
formed that, as far as he is concerned, there is no Atlantic 
cable. The omissions of our executive Commission of direct 
orders of the State Department, clamored for by visitor, ex- 
hibitor, and by the Artisan and Scientific Reporters, are not 
easily forgiven, as they were Used by a noisy and servile 
press of Europe to daily underrate and belittle us, as, day 
by day, they made it a subject of editorials and communica- 
tions by correspondents. 

The jurors of all nations except our own were better paid 
than our Commission, and ^^et no nation w^as more liberally 
provided wMtli means than our own. Some of the jurors we 
named could not serve ; they could not spend either the time 
or money necessary to remain so long in Vienna ; and thus 
it was plain that such services could not be expected without 
at least paying the expenses of the person engaged. 

I never would have accepted the commission at home if 
I had known how we were to be treated. The great want 
of the Commission was not harmonv, for when Mr. Shultz, 



84 

and, after, Mr. Garretson took hold, the Commission did not 
consist of a Commissioner and a great number of assistants, 
but it became practically one individual, as it should have 
been from the very first. He was untrammelled and could do 
as he pleased, as far as his mind was concerned, according to 
the best of his judgment. 

Mr. Garretson was pleasant and kind in his manner and 
demeanor, and I believe no proper complaint could be made 
of the Commission on that score. 

In my mov^ements through Vienna tliere were several things 
observable well worthy of imitation. 

The letter-boxes used by tlie post office were free from sev^- 
eral objections which hold against ours ; for instance, an out- 
side box made of metal, placed near a store where stamps 
were sold, was provided with a locket-hinged top ; in it was 
placed a leather bag, which had fastened in its mouth an iron 
box, which was about one inch deep, and which liad an open- 
ing corresponding to an opening in the fixed-box. This open- 
ing contained a number of little tongues of metal, which could 
move inward, but not outw^ard. 

When the collector came, every two hours during the day 
to collect the mails, he came in a wagon and took out the 
leather bag, replacing it by another. Thus the mails were 
not handled, and great celerity and safety secured. As every 
tobacconist and grocer throughout the city was a stamp- 
vender, the post office was a very great convenience indeed. 
They have no boxes as we have, but everything is delivered 
by carriers at the residence or place of business of the party 
addressed. These carriers carry their mail in bags and in 
open lian'ds, as ours do. The English have improved upon 
that, and the carrier conveys his mail in a box suspended in 
front of him, the lid opening outward ; it is convenient, cleanly, 
and safe. There are mailing places at the post office, and a 
general delivery for those persons whose residences are not 
known. The telegraph is governmental, and cheap. 

The great city of Vienna, with its suburbs, contains nine hun- 
dred and one thousand three hundred inhabitants. They live 
in fifteen thousand buildings, and by a most simple regula- 
tion, one that should be put in force in all of our cities, is 
comparatively free from murders and burglaries ; in fact, all 
crimes. Whenever a person arrives in the city of Vienna it 
is the duty of the liarborer to at once fill out a blank, fur- 




I." OFFICES OF THE ROYAL BRITISH COMMISSION, 

WITH EXHIBITORS' READING' ROOM IN THE REAR. 



85 

nislied by the police, giving the arrival, the business, the place 
from whicli the visitor came, and, in fact, all information about 
him. The neglect of this dnty is punishable severely, and if 
wrong information is given a severe penalty is attached. This 
is placed on file, and is recorded in a book by the police; and 
it is the duty of the police of the district in which the arrival 
is announced to see that it is true. 

The idea of registry is not inconsistent witli republican in- 
stitutions, because it makes the community self-protecting. 
At any hour of day or night you might go throughout the 
great city of Vienna and never be threatened or spoken to ; 
tliere was, however, another reason for all this, which should 
be mentioned, namely, that the houses are all very large and 
are arranged in floors, so that all classes, good and bad, poor 
or w^ell-todo, usually occupy the very same building, the 
lower floor generally being occupied by the poor and the upper 
ones by those better to do. 

I shall mention, in these general observations, several little 
ideas seen here which usually escape the notice of travellers. 

For instance, in w^andering through the grounds of the Ex- 
hibition, I saw a man sharpening a scythe, so I went to see 
how he did it. 

A little table used as a seat had a small steel anvil fixed on 
it at one end ; on this table, the operator, sitting astride, held 
the blade of the scythe on the anvil and continuously striking 
the blade with the hammer, weighing about a pound, he soon 
thinned and sharpened it without wearing it, and all the time 
putting it in the finest condition as to temper and cutting 
qualities. 

Turning around, I saw^ a man watering the lawns. He had 
a hose, consisting of sections of iron pipe, some ten or twelve 
in number, say eight feet long, flexibly connected at their 
ends, placed on wheels, and the pipes were perforated with 
fine holes, from which, forced by a pumping-engine, a fine 
spray-like rain issued upon the ground. When the grass 
had been watered enough at one point, the pipes were trans- 
ported to a new place by simply drawing it along. Another 
hose had an ordinary nozzle, with a small, flat, trowel-like 
attachment, which could be thrown at pleasure partly across 
the line of the issue of the w^ater, which, striking upon it, 
was divided into beautiful flat spray. In another direction a 
man might be seen watering one of the immense old trees, 



86 

two feet and a half in diameter. The eartli for about two 
feet from the trunk was dug up a little below the surface of 
the surrounding ground and thrown up into a little ridge, 
into which water was turned from a hose. This was gener- 
ally practised tliroughout the city of Yienna. 

But in the case of some of the horse-chestnut trees, both 
in the City Park and at the Children's Garden, this was carried 
so far as to prove disastrous to the trees, causing them to 
lose their leaves aiid bloom a second time in October. 

Here and there along the walks in the Prater were cast- 
iron seats with wooden bottoms. The patterns of these seats 
w^ere made from well-selected natural cherry limbs, with a 
shape adapted to the purpose, and painted in the light color 
of such limbs. They were so natural that almost everybody 
believed them to be genuine rustic chairs. Another device 
of this kind to prevent pedestrians from overstepping the 
bounds of the walks was a curved cast-iron piece spanning 
about sixteen inches, from a pattern made of grape vine, with 
a knot or two in it, and painted a natural color. These, too, 
were often mistaken for pieces of vine; they were stuck 
down into the ground at the edge of the grass, so that one 
overlapped the other, the whole producing a fine effect. They 
just presented obstacle enough to prevent overstepping, and 
did not have the appearance of a fence. They were beau- 
tiful. 

Another pretty effect was that of rendering a small foun- 
tain beautiful by driving it in the finest imaginable spray, in- 
stead of a sickly little stream. 

The statuary placed about the grounds was of terra-cotta, 
upon pedestals of the same material ; the color was of a most 
delicate saffron, and they were very beautiful indeed, and were 
of French manufacture. 

Everywhere, the gas fixtures swung from the ceiling, or 
from brackets, upon universal ball-joints. Thus, standing 
upon a step, at one point, all of the burners of a compound 
chandelier could be turned easily to the person to clean or 
light, and could be moved out of the way if desirable. This 
little device adds nothing to cost, and is much more conve- 
nient and elegant than our mode of hanging chandeliers, 
though the gas fixtures themselves are twice heavier and not 
so handsome or elegant in design, or modern in appearance, 
as our own. The innovation of lighting by electricity has 
not yet made its appearance in Europe. An outside shop- 



87 

window gas-biiriier, very much used everywhere in Europe, 
and not mucli used with us, if at all, may be mentioned. It 
consists of a box-like reflector, in which an Argand burner is 
placed. This is hung outside the window by a curved pend- 
ant, detachable fixture. Tlie light is reflected from the out- 
side to the inside; thus tlie goods displayed are free from the 
ruinous lieat of an inside burner; danger from fire, and the 
unpleasant condensation of moisture upon the glass, are 
avoided. 

In the restaurants and other places about the city a venti- 
lating apparatus of very old date could be seen. It consisted 
of a flue in the walls, opening into the top of the room, con- 
taining a gas-burner within the opening, so that by its rare- 
faction of the air a draft is created. It is capable of modifi- 
cation into a useful form of ventilator, simply by extending 
it down near the floor on the same side as the heating appa- 
ratus; but for the purpose of clearing restaurants of gases 
lighter than air, and smoking-rooms of tobacco fumes, noth- 
ing much more effectual could be well devised. Our Gouge 
ventilator is a valuable improvement of this. 

Most of the rooms are heated by very large stoves, con- 
structed of earthenware, very similar to that of which the 
ordinar}^ red clay flower-pots are made. In a press a lump 
of clay is put into an engraved or carved mould, and the force 
of the press is brought on so as to squeeze the clay into 
every part of the mould, the surplus escaping through holes 
in the mould. This, being covered usually with a white 
glaze mixture, is put into an ov.en and baked to a brick, 
having the outside appearance of beautiful porcelain. These 
moulded pieces of burnt clay are then put together with 
cement, so as to form a sort of air-tight fire-box, with flues 
of different designs. In this box, in ordinary weather, in 
the morning is made a fire, which wdll warm it up so that 
the immense radiating surface, sometimes eight and nine feet 
high, some two and a half feet square, will easily, gently 
heat all of the air in contact with it, and this, becoming 
lighter, soon moves away, being replaced by cold air of the 
room, thus making a circulation of all the air in the room, 
heating in the same manner as steam radiators or circulators 
do, and with great economy, as, with little fire, the great mass 
of this large heater becomes w^arm and remains so a long- 
time, heating in turn and circulating all of the air in the 
room, as well as by radiation, tlie single fire of the morning, 



88 

in ordinary weather, tsnfticing for the day. In onr more south- 
ern States, where wood is burned and great heat is not re- 
quired, these heaters would be advantageous on account of 
tiie small cost of the fuel required and the evenness of the 
heat; and, if adapted to our coal, would be equally effectual 
in our coldest latitudes. They are beautiful, sometimes, in 
design, but are fixtures that cannot be easily moved. 

Of the same material, and by the similar machines, are 
made roofing-tiles, much used in Vienna. They are durable 
and beautiful, and might well be copied. They are fire-proof, 
and not liable to be broken by sudden cooling. 

Iron is not used to such an extent as with us, either wrought 
or cast, and the iron small-ware castings are not so beauti- 
fully made as those seen everywhere with us. 

In liousehold furniture they cannot compare favorably witli 
us, and tlieir prices are very high, while designs are ungrace- 
ful. The beds are nearly all single, and almost all of the 
double beds used are made by placing two single ones side 
by side. They are not at all luxurious, or even comfortable. 
A most peculiar custom prevails of buttoning the covering- 
sheet and coverlets together, the coverlets being provided 
with buttons for the purpose, saving a great deal of time in 
making up beds, and something in the neatness and cleanli- 
ness of the coverino'. 

In the stores, and on exhibition, were all kinds of pressed 
iron ware, enamelled inside and out, and in colors, which were 
sold very cheap; a step or two higher than we have arrived in 
this direction. 

The ranges and cooking apparatus were very similar to our 
own, with the exception that the cast-iron tops and doors were 
clumsier, and that the sides were made of the enamelled 
earthenware tiles of which I have already spoken, giving 
them a very cleanly and neat appearance. They did not re- 
quire a great deal of fuel ; but in the matter of construction 
of such things we are quite ahead of them. 

A very common newspaper file, used everywhere in the 
restaurants in Vienna, was quite simple and convenient. A 
square rattan frame, the size of or a little larger than their 
quarto papers, light and ornamental, provided with a handle, 
was placed in the central fold of the papers to be filed ; over 
the backs and over one of the canes of the file was slipped a 
fiared-moutlied, slotted brass tube, the length of the side of 
the file, encircling, say, two-thirds of the side-rib of the file. 
This was cheap, simple, and useful. 



89 

It is the custom everywhere in Vienna for the lionsemaids 
to beat and brush the clothing and shoes of the whole house- 
hold early every morning. 

In beating the clothes they have a rack and rattan beater ; 
the latter is made plaited, in the form of a clover leaf, a little 
laro-er than one's hand at the beatino; end, and thence run- 
ning into a twisted handle ; an elastic, serviceable, and use- 
ful article, which might w-ell be copied by us, and would be 
a useful addition to the labor-savers for our housewives. 

The manufactures of Vienna, of all kinds, are qnite exten- 
sive, both in metal, wood, and leather. Meerschanm pipes 
are more extensively made there than elsewhere, and fancy 
leather goods, such as pocket-books, bags, &c., &c., are very 
largely made of Russian leather, and it is the great shoe 
manufactory and mart of an extensive surrounding country. 
Shoes of renowned quality, excellence, and cheapness. Kid 
gloves are made very extensively, and are quite equal to those 
made in Paris in quality and design, aud are cheaper. 

An English liouse has a very large agricultural implement 
factory here, and several very extensive machine-shops and 
locomotive works are in active work. 

The city has grown in sixteen years from fifty thousand to 
nine liundred and one thousand three hundred inhabitants. 
It has just had a water supply put in, from a mountain 
stream, which has such a fall as to force a jet of water 
through a five-inch pipe one hundi'ed and eighty feet high — 
the most magnificent fountain in the world. 

If the present Government is not molested by other Euro- 
pean powers, the Emperor, his officers, and Parliament will 
speedily make Austria and Hungary able to maintain their 
integrity against any other power in Europe. 

The Emperor is a quiet man, who seems bent on the good 
of Austria, regardless of personal ends, or of schemes for 
the acquirement of territory. 

, The enormous soldiery of Austria seem to be in good train, 
and to consist of excellent material, though the men appear 
to be small in stature — probably a result of the fact that the 
w^omen of Austria do nearly all of the labor in the fields, 
streets, and elsewhere, being hod-carriers, mortar-mixers, ag- 
ricultural laborers, &c., tfec, the immense armies swallowing 
up nearly all of the men of the age proper for the industries 
of modern civilization. They are armed with a gun of ex- 
cellent points ; among others, having the advantage that the 



90 

charge of powder and weight of lead is not so enormously 
large as to weigh down supply trains. 

Some of the private carriages are provided with breaks in- 
side of them, which can be used by occupants of the carriage ; 
thus the carriage is absolutely under control of the occupant, 
and many lives that are every year lost with us by run-away 
teams could thus be saved. 

Other objects of a similar nature were observed, but these 
are among the most noticeable; and I will bring this General 
Report of my Observations and doings to a close, to be fol- 
lowed by my special report as soon as possible. 
I am, respectfully, 

JOE V. MEIGS. 



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